https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/Recent content in Grammar on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/parts-of-speech/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/parts-of-speech/A word’s part of speech names the job it does in a sentence: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction or interjection. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/nouns/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/nouns/Nouns can be common or proper, concrete or abstract, singular or plural, and collective (team, flock). Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/personal-pronouns/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/personal-pronouns/Personal pronouns change for person (I, you, he), number (I, we) and case (I, me, my). Possessive pronouns show ownership: mine, yours, hers. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/other-pronouns/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/other-pronouns/Reflexive and intensive (myself), demonstrative (this, those), indefinite (someone, all), interrogative (who? which?) and relative (who, which, that) pronouns. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/action-linking-verbs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/action-linking-verbs/An action verb shows an action. A linking verb (is, seems, becomes, feels) links the subject to a word that renames or describes it. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/helping-verbs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/helping-verbs/Helping verbs (forms of be, have and do, and modals like can, will, should and might) come before the main verb to make a verb phrase. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/adjectives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/adjectives/Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns: which one, what kind, how many. A, an and the are a special kind called articles. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/adverbs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/adverbs/Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. They tell how, when, where, how often and how much. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/prepositions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/prepositions/A preposition shows how a noun or pronoun, its object, relates to another word: in the box, after lunch, with Sam. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/conjunctions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/conjunctions/Coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) join equals; subordinating ones (because, although, when, if) start a dependent clause; correlative pairs (either…or) work together. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/interjections/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/interjections/An interjection shows feeling and stands apart from the rest of the sentence: Wow! Oh, I see. Well, maybe. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/word-jobs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/word-jobs/Decide a word’s part of speech by the job it does in this sentence, not by the word alone. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/subject-predicate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/subject-predicate/Every sentence splits in two: the complete subject (who or what it is about) and the complete predicate (what is said about it). Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/simple-subject-verb/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/simple-subject-verb/The simple subject is the key noun or pronoun in the subject. The simple predicate is the verb, with any helping verbs. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/hard-to-find-subjects/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/hard-to-find-subjects/Find the subject in questions, in sentences that start with there or here, and in commands, where it is “you,” understood. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/sentence-purposes/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/sentence-purposes/Declarative sentences state, interrogative sentences ask, imperative sentences command, and exclamatory sentences exclaim. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/compound-subjects-verbs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/compound-subjects-verbs/Two or more subjects can share one verb (“Ana and Leo sang”), and two or more verbs can share one subject (“Leo sang and danced”). Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/direct-objects/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/direct-objects/A direct object receives the action of the verb. It answers whom? or what? after an action verb: “Mia kicked the ball.” Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/indirect-objects/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/indirect-objects/An indirect object tells to whom or for whom the action is done: “She gave Sam the map.” It comes between the verb and the direct object. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/subject-complements/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/subject-complements/After a linking verb, a predicate noun renames the subject (“Ana became captain”) and a predicate adjective describes it (“Ana is tall”). Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/object-complements/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/object-complements/An object complement follows a direct object and renames or describes it: “They named the puppy Biscuit.” “The news made Dad happy.” Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/prepositional-phrases/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/prepositional-phrases/A prepositional phrase works as an adjective (“the girl with the kite”) or as an adverb (“ran to the park”). Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/appositives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/appositives/An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames the noun beside it: “My aunt, a pilot, flew us home.” Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/phrases-vs-clauses/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/phrases-vs-clauses/A clause has its own subject and verb. A phrase is a group of words without both. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/independent-dependent/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/independent-dependent/An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause begins with a word like because, when or which and can’t stand alone. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/participles/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/participles/A participle is a verb form used as an adjective: “the barking dog,” “the broken vase,” “Waving her hat, Mia ran.” Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/gerunds/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/gerunds/A gerund is an -ing verb form used as a noun: “Swimming is fun.” “She loves baking bread.” Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/infinitives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/infinitives/An infinitive is to plus a verb. It can work as a noun (“To win was her goal”), an adjective (“a book to read”) or an adverb (“came to help”). Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/adjective-clauses/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/adjective-clauses/An adjective clause (a relative clause) usually starts with who, whom, whose, which or that, and modifies a noun: “the book that you lent me.” Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/adverb-clauses/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/adverb-clauses/An adverb clause starts with a subordinating conjunction (because, when, although, if) and tells when, why, how or under what condition. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/noun-clauses/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/noun-clauses/A noun clause does a noun’s job, as a subject or an object: “What you said surprised me.” “I know that she left.” Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/simple-compound/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/simple-compound/A simple sentence has one independent clause. A compound sentence joins two or more, with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/complex/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/complex/A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/compound-complex/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/compound-complex/A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-basics/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-basics/In a Reed–Kellogg diagram, the subject and the verb sit on a baseline, split by a short line that crosses it. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-modifiers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-modifiers/Adjectives and adverbs go on slanted lines under the word they modify. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-objects/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-objects/A direct object follows a short upright line that stops at the baseline. An indirect object sits on a flat line hung under the verb. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-complements/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-complements/A predicate noun or adjective follows a line slanted back toward the subject. An object complement follows a line slanted back toward the direct object. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-prep-phrases/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-prep-phrases/A prepositional phrase hangs under the word it modifies: the preposition on a slanted line, its object on a flat line. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-compounds/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-compounds/Compound subjects, verbs and objects split into parallel lines joined by a dashed line with the conjunction. A compound sentence stacks two baselines. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-appositives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-appositives/An appositive goes in parentheses beside the noun it renames. Interjections and nouns of direct address sit on short lines above the baseline. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-verbals/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-verbals/A participle bends along a curved line under the noun it modifies. A gerund rides a stepped line and an infinitive a bent line (to on the slant); used as nouns, each stands on a forked stand in a noun’s place. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-clauses/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-clauses/A dependent clause gets its own baseline below. A dotted line joins an adjective clause to its noun at the relative pronoun; an adverb clause hangs from the word it modifies, with the conjunction on the dotted line. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-noun-clauses/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/writing/grammar/diagram-noun-clauses/A noun clause sits on a stand in the place a noun would go: subject, direct object or object of a preposition. Grammar · Writing & Grammar Ladder