Science · Geology · 1883

The World's Foundations; or, Geology for Beginners

Agnes Giberne's friendly first book of geology, for children about 10 to 13: rocks and fossils, the long story written in the earth's layers, and rivers, glaciers, volcanoes, coral and caves at work today. 36 guides cover the whole book, each with a safe hands-on activity and the right page of the book beside it.

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Turn this on to see every lesson as a simple checklist: what to get out, what to do and what to say, one line at a time.

How to use it

  • One chapter, one session. Most guides cover one chapter in 25 to 40 minutes; a few long chapters are split in two. Once or twice a week covers the book in a school year.
  • Read, do, tell back. Read the chapter aloud together, do the activity, then let your child tell it back in their own words. The guides give prompts and short model answers.
  • Start a rock box. An egg carton, a notebook "rock journal", a magnifying glass, vinegar, a coin and a steel nail are used again and again. Collect only where it is allowed, and keep away from cliff edges and the foot of cliffs.
  • Then and now. Giberne wrote in 1881, before anyone knew the continents move or could measure the age of rocks. Short "What we know now" notes give today's view where her account differs.
  • The author's faith. Giberne writes as a Christian: each chapter opens with a Bible verse, and Chapters IX and XXII discuss geology and the Bible. The guides present her words as she wrote them, without adding comment either way.
  • Safety first. Every activity is meant for a child with an adult nearby. Where the book describes something dangerous (geysers, lava, wild caves), the guide says to watch a video instead.

Unit 1 Part I: How to read the record

What the crust is made of, how water and fire build rocks, fossils, layers, folds and faults, and the work of ice (Chapters I to IX). Lessons 1–10.

  1. 1What the earth's crust is made ofCh. I✓
  2. 2Water-built rocksCh. II✓
  3. 3Fossils in the rocksCh. III✓
  4. 4Fire-built rocksCh. IV✓
  5. 5What rocks are made ofCh. V✓
  6. 6Rock-layersCh. VI✓
  7. 7Rock-bendingsCh. VII✓
  8. 8Ice-work: rain-prints, ripples and wandering stonesCh. VIII, part 1✓
  9. 9Ice-work: glaciersCh. VIII, part 2✓
  10. 10The two books, and a look back at Part ICh. IX✓

Unit 2 Part II: Ancient seas and coal forests

How living things are grouped, the earliest ages, and the Ancient-Life Period: lower animals, fishes and the coal forests (Chapters X to XV). Lessons 11–16.

  1. 11Two kingdomsCh. X✓
  2. 12Earliest agesCh. XI✓
  3. 13The age of lower animalsCh. XII✓
  4. 14The age of fishesCh. XIII✓
  5. 15The age of coalCh. XIV✓
  6. 16More about the age of coalCh. XV✓

Unit 3 Part II: Reptiles, chalk, mammals, ice and people

The age of great reptiles and chalk, the age of mammals, the Ice Age, the first people, and the author's chapter on the two records (Chapters XVI to XXII). Lessons 17–25.

  1. 17The age of reptilesCh. XVI✓
  2. 18The age of chalk: chalk and flintCh. XVII, part 1✓
  3. 19The age of chalk: new trees and a great endingCh. XVII, part 2✓
  4. 20The age of mammalsCh. XVIII✓
  5. 21More about the age of mammalsCh. XIX✓
  6. 22The age of iceCh. XX✓
  7. 23The age of manCh. XXI✓
  8. 24The two recordsCh. XXII, part 1✓
  9. 25Reading the past by the present, and the table of agesCh. XXII, part 2✓

Unit 4 Part III: Water at work today

Rivers, rain, springs and waves, deltas and glaciers, seen as clues to the past (Chapters XXIII to XXVI). Lessons 26–29.

  1. 26RiversCh. XXIII✓
  2. 27Waters: rain, springs and the seaCh. XXIV✓
  3. 28DeltasCh. XXV✓
  4. 29GlaciersCh. XXVI✓

Unit 5 Part III: Fire, coral and caves

Volcanoes, earthquakes, hot springs and geysers, coral reefs, and limestone caves, with the author's closing words (Chapters XXVII to XXXI). Lessons 30–36.

  1. 30Volcanoes: cones, craters and great eruptionsCh. XXVII, part 1✓
  2. 31Volcanoes: Vesuvius and HawaiiCh. XXVII, part 2✓
  3. 32EarthquakesCh. XXVIII✓
  4. 33Hot springs and geysersCh. XXIX✓
  5. 34Coral: polyps, reefs and atollsCh. XXX, part 1✓
  6. 35Coral: barrier reefs and the sinking sea floorCh. XXX, part 2✓
  7. 36Stalactite, and the end of the bookCh. XXXI✓

The book itself

The World's Foundations, or Geology for Beginners

1883 (second edition; first published 1882) · About ages 10 to 14

Agnes Giberne's companion to Sun, Moon, and Stars, written on the same plan for beginners of all ages: what rocks are made of and how to read them, the fossils in them, the story of the Earth's past age by age, and the work of rivers and ice.

Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.

The book is divided into 31 chapters in three Parts. Each guide covers one chapter (a few long chapters are split into two parts), shown beside the title; guide numbers simply count the sessions in order. The guides are written for this site; the book is in the public domain.

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