https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/Recent content in Human Geography on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/location/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/location/Absolute location is an exact address or coordinates; relative location describes a place by what is around it. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/site-situation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/site-situation/A place's site is its own physical features (a hill, a harbor, a river crossing); its situation is how it connects to places around it. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/regions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/regions/A formal region shares a trait (like a language); a functional region is tied to a central point (like a TV market); a perceptual region exists in people's minds (like "the South"). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/scale-of-analysis/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/scale-of-analysis/The same question can be studied at the global, national, regional or local scale, and the pattern can look different at each one. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/distance-decay/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/distance-decay/Interaction falls off with distance (distance decay), but faster travel and communication make far places feel closer (time-space compression). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/spatial-patterns/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/spatial-patterns/Density is how many per area, concentration is how close together they are, and pattern is their arrangement (clustered, dispersed, linear). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/geographic-data/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/geographic-data/Geographers use numbers from censuses and satellites (quantitative data) and words and pictures from interviews and fieldwork (qualitative data). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/thematic-maps/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/thematic-maps/Choropleth maps shade areas by a rate, dot maps show where things are, graduated symbols show amounts, isolines join equal values, and cartograms resize places by a number. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/human-environment/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/human-environment/Environmental determinism said the environment sets how people live; possibilism says it offers choices; today geographers study how people and environments shape each other, and what makes use sustainable. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/population-distribution/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/population-distribution/Most people live in East Asia, South Asia and Europe, on low, well-watered land near coasts and rivers; dry, cold and high places have few people. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/density-types/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/density-types/Arithmetic density is people per total land; physiological density is people per farmland; agricultural density is farmers per farmland. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/birth-death-rates/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/birth-death-rates/The crude birth and death rates count births and deaths per 1,000 people a year; the rate of natural increase is their difference, as a percent. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/fertility-mortality/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/fertility-mortality/The total fertility rate is the average number of children per woman; about 2.1 replaces the population; infant mortality and life expectancy measure health. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/doubling-time/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/doubling-time/A population growing at r percent a year doubles in about 70 ÷ r years (the rule of 70). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/population-pyramids/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/population-pyramids/A population pyramid shows how many males and females are in each age group; its shape tells the story of births, deaths and migration. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/pyramid-shapes/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/pyramid-shapes/A wide base means fast growth, straight sides mean slow or no growth, and a narrow base means a shrinking, aging population. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/dependency-ratio/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/dependency-ratio/The dependency ratio compares people under 15 and over 64 with people aged 15 to 64, who are most likely to work. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/demographic-transition/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/demographic-transition/As countries develop, death rates fall first and birth rates later, moving through stages from high birth and death rates to low ones. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/epidemiological-transition/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/epidemiological-transition/As countries develop, the main causes of death shift from infectious diseases and famine to chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/malthus/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/malthus/Thomas Malthus (1798) argued that population would outgrow food; critics point to rising farm output and falling birth rates; neo-Malthusians warn about resources. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/population-policies/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/population-policies/Pronatalist policies encourage births (as in France, and in Singapore since 1987), antinatalist policies discourage them (as in China from 1980 to 2015), and immigration policies shape who arrives. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/women-fertility/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/women-fertility/Where more girls finish school and more women work for pay, families tend to have fewer children, later. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/migration-types/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/migration-types/Migration can be internal or international, voluntary or forced; chain migration follows family and friends; step migration happens in stages. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/push-pull/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/push-pull/Push factors drive people away (war, few jobs, drought); pull factors draw them (jobs, safety, family); intervening obstacles stand in between. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/ravenstein/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/ravenstein/Ernst Ravenstein (1880s) observed that most migrants move short distances, long-distance migrants head for big cities, and each flow produces a counterflow. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/refugees/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/refugees/A refugee has fled their country and cannot safely return; an asylum seeker has asked for protection but awaits a decision; internally displaced people fled but stayed inside their country. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/migration-effects/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/migration-effects/Migration brings remittances home and workers to new places, and can mean a brain drain from the sending country and a gain for the receiving one. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/culture-traits/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/culture-traits/A culture trait is one part of a culture, such as a food or a holiday; folk culture is local and traditional, popular culture spreads widely and changes fast. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/cultural-landscape/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/cultural-landscape/The cultural landscape is the visible mark people leave on the land: buildings, fields, signs and places of worship. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/diffusion/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/diffusion/Relocation diffusion moves with people; expansion diffusion spreads outward as contagious (person to person), hierarchical (big places first) or stimulus (the idea changes as it spreads). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/language-families/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/language-families/Languages that share an ancestor form a family; Indo-European has the most speakers, then Sino-Tibetan; others include Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo and Austronesian. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/language-branches/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/language-branches/Indo-European branches include Germanic (English, German), Romance (Spanish, French), Balto-Slavic (Russian, Polish) and Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Persian). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/lingua-franca/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/lingua-franca/A lingua franca is a shared language for trade or work; a pidgin is a simple mix for contact; a creole is a pidgin that became a mother tongue. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/religions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/religions/Universalizing religions, such as Christianity, Islam and Buddhism, seek members everywhere; ethnic religions, such as Hinduism and Judaism, are tied to one people and place. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/religion-hearths/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/religion-hearths/Christianity, Judaism and Islam began in Southwest Asia, Hinduism and Buddhism in South Asia; they spread by trade, migration, missionaries and empires. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/cultural-change/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/cultural-change/Acculturation is adopting traits while keeping one's culture, assimilation is merging into the larger culture, and syncretism blends two cultures into something new. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/globalization-culture/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/globalization-culture/Global media, trade and travel spread popular culture, which can push out local traditions and also lead people to protect and revive them. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/state-nation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/state-nation/A state is a country with its own government and borders; a nation is a people who share a culture and identity; a nation-state is where the two match. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/multinational/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/multinational/A multinational state holds several nations; a stateless nation, such as the Kurds, has no state of its own; a multistate nation lives across several states. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/sovereignty/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/sovereignty/Sovereignty is a state's right to govern its territory without outside control; territoriality is people's urge to claim and defend space. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/boundary-types/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/boundary-types/Boundaries can follow physical features, cultural lines or straight geometric lines, and can be drawn before settlement (antecedent), after it (subsequent) or imposed from outside (superimposed). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/boundary-disputes/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/boundary-disputes/Disputes can be over where a line is (definitional or locational), how it works (operational) or the resources it divides (allocational). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/law-of-the-sea/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/law-of-the-sea/Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country controls its territorial sea to 12 nautical miles and has rights to fish and minerals in an exclusive economic zone out to 200. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/state-shapes/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/state-shapes/States can be compact (Poland), elongated (Chile), prorupted (Thailand), perforated (South Africa) or fragmented (Indonesia). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/unitary-federal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/unitary-federal/A unitary state concentrates power in the central government (France, Japan); a federal state shares power with states or provinces (the United States, India). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/centripetal-centrifugal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/centripetal-centrifugal/Centripetal forces, such as a shared language or national symbols, pull a state together; centrifugal forces, such as regional differences, can pull it apart and lead to devolution. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/supranational/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/supranational/Supranational organizations, such as the UN, the European Union, NATO, the African Union and ASEAN, link states for trade, defense or cooperation. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/electoral-geography/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/electoral-geography/Legislative districts are redrawn after each census; gerrymandering draws them to favor one group, by packing its opponents' voters into a few districts or cracking them across many. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/agricultural-hearths/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/agricultural-hearths/Farming began about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago in several hearths, including the Fertile Crescent, China, Mesoamerica and the Andes. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/agricultural-revolutions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/agricultural-revolutions/The first came with farming itself; the second, in Britain in the 1700s, brought new tools and crop rotations; the Green Revolution (1940s-1970s) brought high-yield seeds, fertilizer and irrigation. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/intensive-extensive/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/intensive-extensive/Intensive farming puts much labor or capital on small plots (market gardens, rice paddies); extensive farming uses large areas with little input (ranching, nomadic herding). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/subsistence-commercial/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/subsistence-commercial/Subsistence farmers grow food mainly for their own families; commercial farmers grow crops and animals to sell. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/farming-regions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/farming-regions/Plantations grow in the tropics, Mediterranean farms grow grapes and olives, dairy farms sit near cities, grain grows on the plains, and herders live in dry lands. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/von-thunen/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/von-thunen/Von Thünen (1826) showed farm uses forming rings around a market town: perishable goods and dairy closest, then forest, grains, and ranching farthest out. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/rural-settlement/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/rural-settlement/Rural settlements can be clustered, dispersed or linear; land was divided by metes and bounds, the rectangular township-and-range survey, or long lots. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/food-debates/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/food-debates/People debate genetically modified crops, organic farming, large and small farms, and food deserts; geographers lay out the evidence and the trade-offs. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/urbanization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/urbanization/Urbanization is the growth in the share of people living in cities; it is fastest today in Africa and Asia. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/city-site-situation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/city-site-situation/Cities grow at good sites (harbors, river crossings, defensible hills) with good situations (crossroads of trade). Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/central-place/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/central-place/Christaller (1933) showed how towns serve the area around them: a good's threshold is the market it needs, and its range is how far people will travel for it. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/rank-size/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/rank-size/In many countries the nth largest city has about 1/n the people of the largest; a primate city is more than twice as large as the next. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/urban-models/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/urban-models/The concentric zone model (Burgess), the sector model (Hoyt) and the multiple nuclei model (Harris and Ullman) each describe how a city's land uses are arranged. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/global-city-models/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/global-city-models/The Latin American city model has a wealthy spine and outer squatter settlements; models of African and Southeast Asian cities show colonial and market districts. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/urban-challenges/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/urban-challenges/Cities face sprawl, traffic, housing costs, informal settlements and segregation; responses include public transit, new urbanism, smart growth and redevelopment, each with debated effects. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/economic-sectors/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/economic-sectors/The primary sector takes from the earth (farming, mining), the secondary makes things, the tertiary provides services, and the quaternary and quinary handle information and top decisions. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/industrialization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/industrialization/The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 1700s and spread to Europe, North America and Japan, and later to East Asia and beyond. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/weber/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/weber/Alfred Weber (1909) argued factories locate to keep transport and labor costs lowest; bulk-reducing industries locate near raw materials, bulk-gaining near markets. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/measuring-development/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/measuring-development/GDP and GNI per capita measure income; the Human Development Index (UNDP) combines life expectancy, schooling and income; other indexes measure gender equality. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/development-theories/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/development-theories/Rostow's stages of growth (1960) see every country on one path; Wallerstein's world-systems theory sees a core, semi-periphery and periphery linked by trade; dependency theory stresses unequal ties. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/trade-globalization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/trade-globalization/Countries trade by comparative advantage; supply chains, outsourcing and special economic zones spread production around the world, with gains and costs. Human Geography · Geography Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/sustainable-development/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/geography/human-geography/sustainable-development/Sustainable development meets today's needs without harming future generations' ability to meet theirs; the UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals (2015) set targets for 2030. Human Geography · Geography Ladder