https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/Recent content in Religion, Art and Architecture on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/many-gods/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/many-gods/Egyptians worshiped many gods; one god could appear in several forms, and several gods could share one role. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/god-forms/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/god-forms/Gods are known by their heads, crowns and emblems: Amun's two tall plumes, Osiris's crook and flail, Isis's throne sign, Maat's feather. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/cult-centers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/cult-centers/Each great god had a home city: Ptah at Memphis, Ra at Heliopolis, Amun at Thebes, Thoth at Hermopolis, Osiris at Abydos, Hathor at Dendera. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/families/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/families/Gods were grouped in families of three: Amun, Mut and Khonsu at Thebes; Osiris, Isis and Horus; Ptah, Sekhmet and Nefertem at Memphis. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/osiris-myth/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/osiris-myth/In the myth, Seth killed his brother Osiris; Isis restored him, and their son Horus won the throne, while Osiris ruled the dead. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/amun-ra/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/amun-ra/Gods could be joined into one, like Amun-Ra, king of the gods in the New Kingdom, joining the hidden Amun and the sun god Ra. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/heliopolis/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/heliopolis/At Heliopolis, Atum rose from the waters of Nun and created Shu and Tefnut, who gave birth to Geb (earth) and Nut (sky): the first gods of the Nine (the Ennead). Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/memphis/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/memphis/At Memphis, Ptah created the world by thought and word; the text survives on the Shabaka Stone (c. 710 BC), and its date of composition is debated. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/hermopolis/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/hermopolis/At Hermopolis, creation began with eight gods (the Ogdoad), four pairs standing for waters, endlessness, darkness and hiddenness. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/first-mound/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/first-mound/The accounts share an image: a mound rising from the waters at the first moment, recalled by the benben stone and by temple floors. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/maat/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/maat/Maat was the right order of the world, truth and justice; isfet was disorder. Keeping maat was the duty of gods, kings and people. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/divine-king/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/divine-king/The king was Horus on earth and son of Ra; he stood between the gods and the people, offering to the gods for everyone. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/king-offers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/king-offers/Temple walls show the king offering to the gods in every scene, though priests did the daily work in his name. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/sed/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/sed/The sed festival renewed the king's strength, traditionally after thirty years of rule and then every few years. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/temple-kinds/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/temple-kinds/Cult temples housed a god; memorial (mortuary) temples kept up the cult of a dead king, like those on the west bank at Thebes. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/temple-plan/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/temple-plan/From the river: quay, avenue of sphinxes, pylon, open court, hypostyle hall, offering hall and sanctuary. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/temple-meaning/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/temple-meaning/The temple pictured the world at creation: the pylon the horizon, the columns a papyrus marsh, the sanctuary the first mound, rising and darkening inward. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/daily-ritual/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/daily-ritual/Each morning priests opened the shrine, woke, washed, dressed and fed the god's statue, then sealed it again. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/priests/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/priests/Priests served in shifts; ranks included the ḥm-nṯr ("god's servant"), the wꜥb ("pure one") and the lector priest who read the rituals. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/karnak/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/karnak/Karnak, the temple of Amun at Thebes, grew for two thousand years; an avenue of sphinxes joins it to Luxor Temple. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/opet/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/opet/In the Opet festival, Amun's statue traveled in its sacred boat from Karnak to Luxor Temple, renewing the king's rule. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/valley-festival/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/valley-festival/Each year Amun crossed the Nile to the temples of the west bank, and families feasted at the tombs of their dead. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/afterlife/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/afterlife/Egyptians believed death led to a new life, if the body was kept, the name remembered and offerings continued. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/soul-parts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/soul-parts/A person had several parts: the ka (life force, which received offerings), the ba (shown as a bird with a human head, free to move), the akh (the transfigured spirit), the name and the shadow. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/judgment/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/judgment/The heart was weighed against the feather of Maat before Osiris; the dead declared they had not done wrongs, and a monster waited for those who failed. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/duat/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/duat/The Duat was the realm of the dead, through which the sun god sailed each night to be reborn at dawn. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/field-of-reeds/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/field-of-reeds/The blessed dead hoped to live in the Field of Reeds, a perfect Egypt where crops grew tall; shabti figures would do their work. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/offering-cult/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/offering-cult/Families and priests brought food and drink to a tomb's false door and said the offering formula, so the dead would be fed. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/why-mummify/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/why-mummify/Egyptians preserved the body so the ka and ba could return to it; dry desert graves had first shown them that bodies could last. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/mummy-steps/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/mummy-steps/Embalmers removed the internal organs, dried the body with natron salt for about forty days, then wrapped it in linen with amulets; the whole process took about seventy days. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/coffins/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/coffins/Organs went into four canopic jars guarded by the Four Sons of Horus; the body lay in nested coffins, sometimes with a mask over the face. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/pyramid-texts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/pyramid-texts/The oldest religious texts, spells carved inside pyramids from Unas (end of the 5th Dynasty) on, to help the king rise to the sky. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/coffin-texts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/coffin-texts/In the Middle Kingdom, spells were painted inside the coffins of officials, so non-royal people could use them too. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/book-of-dead/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/book-of-dead/From the New Kingdom, spells for the journey through the afterlife were written on papyrus rolls placed in the tomb; Egyptians called them "spells for going forth by day". Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/underworld-books/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/underworld-books/New Kingdom royal tombs show the sun's night journey hour by hour, in books like the Amduat ("What Is in the Underworld"). Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/mastaba/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/mastaba/Early elite tombs were mastabas: low, flat-topped buildings over a burial shaft, with a chapel for offerings. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/pyramid-complex/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/pyramid-complex/A pyramid stood in a complex: a valley temple by the river, a covered causeway, and a mortuary temple against the pyramid. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/rock-cut/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/rock-cut/From the Middle Kingdom, many tombs were cut into cliffs, as at Beni Hasan; New Kingdom kings were buried in the Valley of the Kings. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/tomb-scenes/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/tomb-scenes/Scenes of farming, feasting and offering were meant to provide for the dead forever, not only to record their lives. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/aspective/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/aspective/Artists drew each part from its most typical view: the face in profile, the eye from the front, shoulders from the front, legs in profile. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/canon/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/canon/Artists drew figures on a grid: a standing figure was 18 squares from the soles to the hairline, and a later grid used 21 squares. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/scale/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/scale/The most important figure is the largest: the king larger than his enemies, a tomb owner larger than his servants. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/color/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/color/Colors carried meaning: black for fertile soil and rebirth, green for growth, red for energy or danger, gold for the flesh of the gods. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/registers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/registers/Scenes run in horizontal bands (registers), each with its own ground line; figures face the way the text runs. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/statues/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/statues/Common types are the seated statue, the standing striding statue (left foot forward), the scribe statue, the block statue and the pair statue. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/relief/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/relief/Raised relief cuts away the background; sunk relief cuts the figure into the wall and suits bright sun outdoors. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/painting/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/painting/Painters used mineral colors, including the first known synthetic pigment, Egyptian blue, on plaster or stone. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/amarna-art/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/amarna-art/Under Akhenaten, art changed: long faces, rounded bodies, family scenes, and the Aten's rays ending in hands. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/household-gods/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/household-gods/At home, people turned to protectors like Bes and Taweret, especially for childbirth and children. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/amulets/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/amulets/People wore amulets for protection: the wedjat eye, the scarab, the ankh, the djed pillar and the tyet knot. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/oracles/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/religion-art-architecture/oracles/People asked gods questions through oracles at festivals and wrote letters to dead relatives asking for help. Religion, Art and Architecture · Egyptology Ladder