https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/Recent content in Middle Egyptian II on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/roots/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/roots/Egyptian verbs are built on roots of two, three or four consonants: sḏm "hear", ḏd "say", nḏm "be sweet". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/classes/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/classes/Verbs fall into classes: strong roots (sḏm), third-weak (mrj "love", jrj "do"), doubled (mꜣꜣ "see"), and causatives in s- (sꜥnḫ "make live"). Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/causatives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/causatives/Adding s- to a root makes a causative "make (something) do": ꜥnḫ "live", sꜥnḫ "make live"; mn "remain", smn "make firm". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/weak-verbs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/weak-verbs/A few common verbs are irregular: rdj/dj "give", jj/jw "come", jnj "bring", wnn "be, exist". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/forms-overview/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/forms-overview/Middle Egyptian has suffix forms (sḏm=f, sḏm.n=f, sḏm.tw=f), the stative, the infinitive, participles and relative forms, and the imperative. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/inf-forms/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/inf-forms/The infinitive is the verb's noun form; third-weak verbs add -t and usually drop the weak j: mrt "to love", jrt "to do"; strong verbs show no ending: sḏm. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/inf-uses/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/inf-uses/The infinitive acts as a noun: as the object of another verb, after prepositions, and in headings and captions. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/inf-subject/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/inf-subject/A noun or suffix after an infinitive can be its object or subject: rdjt=f "his giving" or "giving it". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmf-form/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmf-form/The sḏm=f is the verb stem plus a subject: sḏm=f "he hears", sḏm z "the man hears". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmf-subject/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmf-subject/Word order is verb, subject, object, then adverbs: dj nsw ḥtp "the king gives an offering". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmf-meaning/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmf-meaning/The sḏm=f covers general and present action and, after certain words or in wishes, the future or "may he hear". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmf-weak/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmf-weak/Weak and irregular verbs change in the sḏm=f: jr=f "he does", dj=f "he gives", mꜣꜣ=f "he sees". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/rdj-sdmf/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/rdj-sdmf/rdj "give" followed by a sḏm=f means "cause that, let": rdj=f sḏm=j "he let me hear". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmnf-form/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmnf-form/Adding .n between the stem and the subject makes the sḏm.n=f: sḏm.n=f "he heard". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmnf-meaning/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmnf-meaning/The sḏm.n=f expresses completed action, usually past: rdj.n=f "he gave", or "he has given". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/jw-sdmnf/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/jw-sdmnf/jw sḏm.n=f states a past event as a fact, as in biographies: jw jr.n=j "I did". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stative-endings/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stative-endings/The stative adds endings for its subject: -kj (I), -tj (you), -w or no ending (he), -tj (she), -wjn (we), -tjwnj (you all), -w (they). Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stative-meaning/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stative-meaning/The stative describes a state: of intransitive verbs, the state reached ("he has come, he is here"); of transitive verbs, a passive state ("it is sealed"). Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stative-use/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stative-use/The stative usually follows a noun or pronoun subject, often after jw or mk: mk wj jj.kj "look, I have come". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stative-vs-sdmnf/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stative-vs-sdmnf/Both can point to the past, but the stative describes a state and its subject comes first, while the sḏm.n=f reports an act with the subject after. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/active-participles/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/active-participles/An active participle means "one who does": sḏm "one who hears", ḏd "one who says"; it agrees like an adjective. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/passive-participles/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/passive-participles/A passive participle means "one who is done to": mrr "one who is loved", rdj "what is given". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/participle-agreement/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/participle-agreement/Participles agree with the noun they describe, take objects, and can stand alone as nouns: sḏmw "those who hear". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/relative-forms/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/relative-forms/A relative form is a verb with its own subject that describes a noun: ḫt rdjt.n=f "the thing that he gave" (with -t, agreeing with the feminine ḫt). Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/ntj/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/ntj/ntj "who, which" introduces a relative clause: z ntj m pr "the man who is in the house"; jwtj "who is not" is its negative. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/tw-passive/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/tw-passive/Adding .tw makes a passive: sḏm.tw=f "he is heard"; with a noun, rdj.tw ḥtp "an offering is given". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/other-passives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/other-passives/The passive sḏm=f, the stative of transitive verbs, and the passive participle all express things done to someone. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/neg-n/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/neg-n/n before a verb form negates it, with a twist: n sḏm=f usually means "he did not hear", and n sḏm.n=f "he cannot hear". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/neg-nn/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/neg-nn/nn before a noun means "there is not": nn mw "there is no water"; nn also negates some sentences and the future. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmtf/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sdmtf/The sḏmt=f appears after n and r: n sḏmt=f "he has not yet heard", r sḏmt=f "until he hears". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/neg-tm/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/neg-tm/tm "not to be (doing)" negates forms that cannot take n, like infinitives and participles: tm sḏm "not hearing". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/neg-imperative/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/neg-imperative/Negative commands use m (the imperative of jmj "not to do"): m sḏm "do not listen". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/circumstantial/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/circumstantial/A clause without an introducing word, after a main clause, often describes circumstances: "when", "while", "as". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/conditionals/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/conditionals/jr "if" introduces a condition, often with the sḏm=f or sḏm.n=f: jr sḏm=k "if you listen". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/purpose/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/purpose/Purpose is shown with r + infinitive "in order to" or with a sḏm=f after another verb: "so that he may hear". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/pseudoverbal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/pseudoverbal/A subject followed by ḥr + infinitive means "is doing" and by r + infinitive "is going to do": jw=f ḥr sḏm "he is hearing". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/virtual-relative/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/virtual-relative/After a noun without "the", a plain clause can describe it, with no ntj: z sḏm=f "a man who hears". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/emphatic/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/emphatic/Some forms put the stress on an adverb ("it was in the house that he heard"); scholars debate how many such forms exist and how to name them. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/imperative/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/imperative/The imperative gives commands, usually the bare stem; jmj "give!" and mj "come!" are irregular. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/questions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/questions/jn (or jn jw) asks a yes-no question; question words include zj "who?", jḫ "what?" and tnj "where?". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/particles/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/particles/Small words color a sentence: mk "look", jsṯ "now", ḥꜣ "would that", ḥm "indeed", js "for, as". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/jn-focus/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/jn-focus/jn + noun + participle stresses who did it: jn nsw rdj "it is the king who gives". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stela/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stela/A stela starts with the offering formula, names the gods, lists the gifts, then names the owner and his titles. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stela-family/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/stela-family/Stelae list relatives with "his son", "his daughter", "born of" (jr.n, ms.n) and their epithets. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/autobiography/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/autobiography/Officials told their lives in set phrases: "I gave bread to the hungry and clothes to the naked." Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sinuhe-opening/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sinuhe-opening/The Tale of Sinuhe begins with his titles and the death of King Amenemhat I. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sinuhe-flight/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sinuhe-flight/Sinuhe overhears news of the king's death, panics and flees toward the east, a scene told with vivid verbs. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/peasant/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/peasant/A peasant robbed on his way to market pleads for justice in fine speeches, which delight the king. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/rosetta-hiero/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/rosetta-hiero/The hieroglyphic section of the Rosetta Stone names King Ptolemy V with long royal titles in cartouches. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/translating/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/translating/A good translation keeps the meaning and the tone, not the word order: jw=j jj.kj becomes "I have come", not "is I come". Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sign-list/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/sign-list/Gardiner's sign list sorts signs into lettered groups (A men, B women, G birds, M plants, N sky and earth...) and numbers them. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/dictionary/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-2/dictionary/Middle Egyptian dictionaries list words in transliteration order, ꜣ j y ꜥ w b p f m n r h ḥ ḫ ẖ z s š q k g t ṯ d ḏ. Middle Egyptian II · Egyptology Ladder