https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/Recent content in Middle Egyptian I on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/what-egyptian/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/what-egyptian/Egyptian is an Afroasiatic language, related to the Semitic and Berber languages, written for more than 4,000 years. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/stages/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/stages/Egyptian changed over time: Old, Middle and Late Egyptian, then Demotic and Coptic. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/classical/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/classical/Middle Egyptian was the classical language: spoken in the Middle Kingdom and used for formal inscriptions for two thousand years after. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/sign-kinds/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/sign-kinds/Signs either write sounds (phonograms), write whole words (logograms), or classify a word without being read (determinatives). Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/direction/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/direction/Hieroglyphs run right to left, left to right, or in columns; signs of people and animals face the beginning of the line. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/quadrats/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/quadrats/Signs are grouped into neat imaginary squares; within a group, read top before bottom and front before back. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/consonants/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/consonants/Hieroglyphs write consonants only; the vowels of Egyptian words are mostly lost and partly known from Coptic. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-1/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-1/The vulture ꜣ, the reed j, the two reeds y, the forearm ꜥ and the quail chick w. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-2/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-2/The foot b, the stool p, the horned viper f, the owl m and the water n. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-3/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-3/The mouth r, the shelter h, the wick ḥ, the placenta ḫ and the belly ẖ: four different h sounds. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-4/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-4/The door bolt z, the folded cloth s, the pool š, the hill slope q, the basket k and the jar stand g. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-5/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/alpha-5/The bread loaf t, the tethering rope ṯ, the hand d and the cobra ḏ. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/translit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/translit/Egyptologists write Egyptian in a fixed alphabet, ꜣ j y ꜥ w b p f m n r h ḥ ḫ ẖ z s š q k g t ṯ d ḏ, which is also dictionary order. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/mdc/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/mdc/On a keyboard, Egyptologists type A i y a w b p f m n r h H x X z s S q k g t T d D. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/vocalization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/vocalization/By convention Egyptologists say ꜣ and ꜥ as "a", j as "i", w as "u", and put "e" between other consonants: nfr is "nefer". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/biliterals/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/biliterals/Many signs write two consonants, like pr (house), mn (game board), wr (swallow) and nb (basket). Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/biliterals-2/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/biliterals-2/More common biliterals: zꜣ (pintail duck), kꜣ (raised arms), jr (eye), ms (fox skins), ḥm (club), mꜣ (sickle). Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/triliterals/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/triliterals/Some signs write three consonants: ꜥnḫ, nfr, ḥtp, nṯr, ḫpr, ḥqꜣ, wsr. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/complements/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/complements/One-consonant signs often repeat sounds of a bigger sign beside them, as a reading aid: nfr written with f and r. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/reading-words/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/reading-words/To read a word, read each sign in order, drop complements, and stop at the determinative. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/spellings/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/spellings/Scribes could spell a word in several ways, with more or fewer complements and different signs. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/logograms/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/logograms/A logogram writes a whole word by its picture, usually marked with a stroke: the house with a stroke is pr "house". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/determinatives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/determinatives/A determinative at the end of a word is not read; it shows the word's class of meaning and marks the end of the word. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/common-dets/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/common-dets/The seated man and woman, the god, walking legs, the man with hand to mouth, the papyrus roll, the house, the town, the hills and water. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/honorific/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/honorific/Words for the king and the gods are written first out of respect but read in their normal place: ḥtp-dj-nsw is written with nsw first. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/plural-writing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/plural-writing/The plural is shown with three strokes, by writing a sign three times, or with the ending -w. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/gender/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/gender/Nouns are masculine or feminine; most feminine nouns end in -t (the bread loaf): zꜣ "son", zꜣt "daughter". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/plural/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/plural/Masculine plurals end in -w and feminine plurals in -wt: nṯr "god", nṯrw "gods"; nṯrt "goddess", nṯrwt "goddesses". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/dual/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/dual/Egyptian has a dual for pairs: masculine -wj and feminine -tj: nṯrwj "the two gods", ꜥwj "the two arms". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/direct-genitive/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/direct-genitive/Putting two nouns side by side means "A of B": pr nsw "the house of the king". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/indirect-genitive/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/indirect-genitive/"Of" can also be written with n, which agrees with the first noun: n (masculine), nt (feminine), nw (plural). Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/adjectives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/adjectives/Adjectives follow the noun and agree with it: z nfr "a good man", zꜣt nfrt "a good daughter". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/nisbe/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/nisbe/Adding -j to a noun or preposition makes an adjective (a nisbe): njwt "town", njwtj "of the town"; ḥr "on", ḥrj "upper, who is on". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/nb/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/nb/nb after a noun means "every" or "all" and agrees with it: tꜣ nb "every land", ḫt nbt "everything". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/demonstratives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/demonstratives/pn and tn follow a noun ("this"): z pn "this man"; nn "these" comes first, joined by n: nn n rmṯ "these people"; pꜣ, tꜣ and nꜣ also come first. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/suffix/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/suffix/Suffix pronouns attach to the end of a word: =j "I, my", =k "you, your" (man), =ṯ (woman), =f "he, his", =s "she, her", =n, =ṯn, =sn. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/suffix-uses/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/suffix-uses/On a noun a suffix means "my, your, his": pr=f "his house"; on a preposition it is the object: n=f "to him". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/dependent/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/dependent/Dependent pronouns are objects or follow certain words: wj "me", ṯw "you", sw "him", sj "her", st "it, them", sn "them". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/independent/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/independent/Independent pronouns stand alone, often first in a sentence: jnk "I", ntk "you", ntf "he", nts "she". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/prepositions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/prepositions/m "in, from, as", n "to, for", r "to, toward", ḥr "on", ḫr "with, near (a person)", ḥnꜥ "with", jn "by", mj "like". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/prep-suffix/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/prep-suffix/Prepositions take suffix pronouns: n=f "to him", ḥr=s "on it", ḥnꜥ=j "with me"; m becomes jm before a suffix: jm=f "in it". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/compound-prepositions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/compound-prepositions/Prepositions combine with nouns: m-bꜣḥ "in the presence of", m-ḫt "after", ḥr-ḥꜣt "before", r-gs "beside". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/adverbial/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/adverbial/A subject followed by a prepositional phrase or adverb makes a sentence: z m pr "the man is in the house". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/jw-mk/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/jw-mk/Statements often begin with jw (marking the sentence as a statement of fact) or mk "look!"; mk takes a dependent pronoun: mk wj m pr "look, I am in the house". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/nominal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/nominal/Two nouns side by side can say "A is B", and an independent pronoun can lead: jnk zꜣ=k "I am your son". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/pw/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/pw/pw "this" makes a sentence "it is A" or "A is B": zꜣ=j pw "he is my son". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/adjectival/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/adjectival/An adjective first, then its subject, makes a sentence: nfr sw "he is good"; nfr pr=f "his house is good". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/numerals/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/numerals/Numbers are written by repeating signs: the stroke 1, hobble 10, coil 100, lotus 1,000, finger 10,000, tadpole 100,000, and Heh 1,000,000. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/counting/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/counting/Numbers follow the noun they count: zꜣ 3 "three sons"; ordinals like "second" use -nw: snnw "second". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/dates/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/dates/Dates give the regnal year, the month of a season and the day: ḥꜣt-zp 5 ꜣbd 2 ꜣḫt sw 10 "year 5, month 2 of the Flood, day 10". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/titulary/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/titulary/A king had five names: the Horus name, the Two Ladies name, the Golden Horus name, the throne name and the birth name. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/cartouches/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/cartouches/The throne name follows nsw-bjt "King of Upper and Lower Egypt"; the birth name follows zꜣ-rꜥ "son of Ra". Both are in cartouches. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/royal-names/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/royal-names/Read a cartouche sign by sign, remembering honorific transposition: jmn written first in Tutankhamun is read last. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/offering-formula/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/offering-formula/Stelae and tombs begin ḥtp-dj-nsw, "an offering that the king gives", to a god like Osiris or Anubis, for the ka of the dead. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/offering-list/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/offering-list/The formula continues with the gifts: prt-ḫrw "an invocation offering" of bread and beer, oxen and fowl, linen and alabaster. Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/titles/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/middle-egyptian-1/titles/Monuments give titles like sš "scribe", jmj-rꜣ "overseer", ḥm-nṯr "priest" and epithets like mꜣꜥ-ḫrw "true of voice". Middle Egyptian I · Egyptology Ladder