https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/Recent content in History of Ancient Egypt on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/geography/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/geography/Egypt was the Nile valley, a strip of farmland rarely more than 20 km wide, and the fan-shaped Delta, between deserts. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/inundation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/inundation/Summer rains in Ethiopia raised the Nile each year, flooding the valley and leaving silt; the height of the flood decided the harvest. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/two-lands/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/two-lands/Egyptians called their country the Two Lands, Upper (south) and Lower (north) Egypt, divided into provinces called nomes. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/sources/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/sources/Historians use monuments and inscriptions, papyri and ostraca, archaeology, foreign records and later Greek writers, each with its own biases. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/periods/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/periods/Modern historians divide Egyptian history into kingdoms (times of one strong state) and intermediate periods (times of division). History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/king-lists/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/king-lists/Ancient king lists, like the Palermo Stone, the Turin Canon and the lists at Abydos and Saqqara, give kings in order, but leave some out. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/manetho/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/manetho/Manetho, an Egyptian priest of the early 3rd century BC, wrote a history in Greek that grouped the kings into the 30 dynasties we still use. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/regnal-years/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/regnal-years/Egyptians dated events by the year of the king's reign ("Year 5 of His Majesty"), so dates have to be added up king by king. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/astronomy-dating/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/astronomy-dating/A few texts record the rising of the star Sirius or the phases of the moon, which can tie reigns to absolute dates; scholars still debate how to read them. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/radiocarbon/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/radiocarbon/Radiocarbon dating of plant remains from dated contexts largely agrees with the standard chronology and is most useful for the earliest periods. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/how-sure/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/how-sure/Dates are fixed from 664 BC on; before that they are approximate, uncertain by decades in the New Kingdom and by a century or more in the Old Kingdom. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/naqada/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/naqada/Farming villages appeared along the Nile in the 5th millennium BC; the Naqada culture spread across Egypt and grew into chiefdoms. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/first-writing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/first-writing/Small labels from a tomb at Abydos (tomb U-j, c. 3200 BC) carry some of the earliest known Egyptian writing. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/unification/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/unification/Around 3000 BC the Nile valley and the Delta came under one king; the Narmer Palette shows King Narmer in the white crown on one side and the red crown on the other. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/early-dynastic/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/early-dynastic/Kings of Dynasties 1 and 2 ruled from Memphis, were buried at Abydos, and built the tools of the state: writing, taxes and royal titles. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/djoser/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/djoser/Djoser of the 3rd Dynasty built the first large stone building, the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, credited to his official Imhotep. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/pyramid-age/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/pyramid-age/In the 4th Dynasty, Sneferu built the first true pyramids at Meidum and Dahshur, and Khufu the Great Pyramid at Giza. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/pyramid-state/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/pyramid-state/Pyramids needed an organized state: a vizier, scribes, taxes in grain and labor, quarries, boats and a fed, housed workforce. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/sun-kings/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/sun-kings/Kings of the 5th Dynasty built sun temples for Ra, and Unas, the last of them, had the first Pyramid Texts carved in his tomb. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/sixth-dynasty/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/sixth-dynasty/Under the 6th Dynasty, provincial governors grew richer and more independent; officials like Weni and Harkhuf left autobiographies of their careers. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/ok-end/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/ok-end/Historians debate the causes: a weaker central government, very long reigns, and perhaps low Nile floods and a drier climate. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/fip/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/fip/After the Old Kingdom, rival dynasties ruled from Herakleopolis in the north and Thebes in the south. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/mentuhotep/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/mentuhotep/Mentuhotep II of Thebes defeated the Herakleopolitan kings and reunited Egypt (c. 2055 BC), beginning the Middle Kingdom. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/twelfth-dynasty/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/twelfth-dynasty/Amenemhat I founded the 12th Dynasty and a new capital, Itjtawy; its kings, named Amenemhat and Senusret, ruled about two centuries. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/senusret3/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/senusret3/Senusret III built a chain of forts at the Second Cataract, fixed the southern border, and reduced the power of provincial governors. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/mk-culture/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/mk-culture/The Middle Kingdom was the classic age of Egyptian literature, such as the Tale of Sinuhe and the teaching texts, written in Middle Egyptian. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/hyksos/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/hyksos/The Hyksos, rulers of western Asian origin, governed the north from Avaris as the 15th Dynasty (c. 1650–1550 BC). History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/kerma/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/kerma/South of Egypt, the kingdom of Kush, centered at Kerma, grew strong and allied with the Hyksos. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/liberation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/liberation/Theban kings Seqenenre Tao and Kamose fought the Hyksos, and Ahmose took Avaris and drove them out (c. 1550 BC). History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/nk-empire/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/nk-empire/Ahmose founded the 18th Dynasty; his successors pushed into the Levant and Nubia and built Egypt's empire. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/hatshepsut/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/hatshepsut/Hatshepsut ruled first as regent for Thutmose III and then as king (c. 1473–1458 BC), building at Karnak and Deir el-Bahari. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/thutmose3/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/thutmose3/Thutmose III won the battle of Megiddo and led many campaigns into the Levant, making Egypt the leading power of the region. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/amenhotep3/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/amenhotep3/Amenhotep III ruled a rich and peaceful empire; his letters with the kings of Babylon, Mitanni and others survive in the Amarna archive. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/akhenaten/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/akhenaten/Akhenaten made the Aten, the sun disk, the center of worship, closed temples of other gods and built a new capital at Amarna. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/restoration/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/restoration/Tutankhamun, Ay and Horemheb brought back the old gods and left Amarna; later kings erased the Amarna kings from their lists. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/ramesses2/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/ramesses2/Ramesses II of the 19th Dynasty reigned 66 years (1279–1213 BC), built more than any other king and moved his capital to Pi-Ramesses. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/kadesh/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/kadesh/At Kadesh (c. 1274 BC) Ramesses II fought the Hittites to a draw; years later the two powers signed a peace treaty. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/ramesses3/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/ramesses3/Ramesses III fought off the Sea Peoples; in his reign came the first known strike, by the tomb-builders of Deir el-Medina. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/nk-end/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/nk-end/Under the later Ramesses, Egypt lost its empire, tombs were robbed, and the high priests of Amun at Thebes grew powerful. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/tip/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/tip/In the Third Intermediate Period, kings at Tanis and then Libyan dynasties ruled the north while the priests of Amun held Thebes. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/kushite/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/kushite/Kings from Kush, such as Piye and Taharqo, conquered Egypt and ruled it as the 25th Dynasty until the Assyrians drove them out. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/saite/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/saite/Psamtek I became king at Sais in 664 BC and had reunited Egypt by 656 BC; the 26th Dynasty copied Old Kingdom art and welcomed Greek traders and soldiers. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/persians/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/persians/In 525 BC Cambyses of Persia conquered Egypt; Persian kings ruled it as the 27th Dynasty until 404 BC. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/last-natives/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/last-natives/Egyptian kings ruled again from 404 BC until Persia returned in 343 BC; Nectanebo II was the last native pharaoh. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/alexander/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/alexander/Alexander the Great took Egypt from Persia in 332 BC, visited the oracle of Amun at Siwa and founded Alexandria. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/ptolemies/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/ptolemies/Ptolemy I and his heirs ruled from Alexandria, with its Library, Museum and lighthouse, as Greek kings and as pharaohs. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/cleopatra/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/cleopatra/Cleopatra VII, allied with Julius Caesar and then Mark Antony, lost to Octavian at Actium (31 BC); after her death in 30 BC Egypt became Roman. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/roman-egypt/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/roman-egypt/Rome ruled Egypt as a special province, and its grain fed the city of Rome. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/christian-egypt/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/christian-egypt/Christianity spread through Egypt; monks like Antony and Pachomius founded monastic life, and Coptic became the Christian Egyptians' written language. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/arab-conquest/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/arab-conquest/Arab armies under Amr ibn al-As took the fortress of Babylon in AD 641 and then Alexandria, ending Byzantine rule. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/kingship/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/kingship/The king was Horus on earth and son of Ra, standing between the gods and the people; his five names expressed this role. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/administration/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/administration/A vizier ran the government with scribes and officials who counted harvests, collected taxes and kept records. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/economy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/economy/Until the Late Period Egyptians did not use coins; they traded goods valued in units of copper (deben) or grain, and wages were paid in bread and beer. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/people/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/people/Most Egyptians were farmers; above them were craftsmen, scribes, priests and officials; there were servants and some slaves, especially war captives. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/deir-el-medina/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/deir-el-medina/The craftsmen who cut and decorated the royal tombs lived at Deir el-Medina; thousands of their notes on pottery and stone survive. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/women/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/women/Egyptian women could own and sell property, make contracts, go to court and inherit, though few held office. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/army/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/army/Egypt's army grew from local levies into a standing army of the New Kingdom, with chariots and foreign troops. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/nubia/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/nubia/For three thousand years Egypt traded with, fought and ruled parts of Nubia, and Nubian kings once ruled Egypt. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/levant/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/levant/Egypt traded with Byblos for cedar, ruled parts of Canaan, and dealt with Mitanni, the Hittites, Assyria, Babylon and Persia. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/bible/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/history/bible/Historians debate how stories of Joseph and the Exodus relate to Egyptian evidence; many identify Shishak with Shoshenq I, though some doubt it. History of Ancient Egypt · Egyptology Ladder