https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/Recent content in Archaeology and Later Scripts on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/classical-writers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/classical-writers/Herodotus, Diodorus and Strabo described Egypt; their accounts mix good observation with hearsay. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/forgotten/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/forgotten/After the 4th century AD no one could read hieroglyphs; writers like Horapollo and later Athanasius Kircher read them as pure symbols. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/obelisks/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/obelisks/Romans carried obelisks to Rome, and later ones went to Paris, London and New York, spreading interest in Egypt. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/napoleon/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/napoleon/Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 with scholars who measured and drew the monuments; their Description de l'Égypte appeared from 1809. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/rosetta/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/rosetta/Found at Rosetta in 1799, the stone carries a decree of 196 BC in hieroglyphs, Demotic and Greek, and went to the British Museum in 1802. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/young/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/young/Thomas Young showed that cartouches held royal names, read part of Ptolemy's name, and saw that Demotic used sound signs too (1814–1819). Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/champollion/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/champollion/In 1822 Champollion read Ptolemy and Cleopatra, then Ramesses and Thutmose in older cartouches, and announced his results in the Lettre à M. Dacier. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/how-cracked/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/how-cracked/The keys were a bilingual text, royal names that could be matched across scripts, and Coptic, which gave the sounds of Egyptian words. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/system/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/system/In his Précis (1824), Champollion showed that hieroglyphs mix sound signs, word signs and determinatives. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/after-champollion/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/after-champollion/Richard Lepsius refined the system, and the Canopus Decree, found in 1866, another bilingual text, confirmed it. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/collectors/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/collectors/In the early 1800s adventurers like Giovanni Belzoni shipped statues to Europe; much was lost because no one recorded where things were found. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/mariette/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/mariette/Auguste Mariette founded Egypt's Antiquities Service in 1858 and a national museum at Bulaq to keep finds in Egypt. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/petrie/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/petrie/Petrie excavated with care from the 1880s, recording small finds and pottery, and published his results quickly. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/seriation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/seriation/Petrie put Predynastic graves in order by the changing styles of their pottery, giving "sequence dates" before any calendar dates existed. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/stratigraphy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/stratigraphy/Layers of soil pile up over time, so lower layers are usually older; recording layers lets archaeologists date finds by their context. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/kv62/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/kv62/In 1922 Howard Carter, funded by Lord Carnarvon, found Tutankhamun's tomb (KV62) and spent about ten years recording and clearing it. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/recording/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/recording/An object's value to history depends on its context: where it lay, with what, in which layer. Excavation destroys a site, so records are everything. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/relative-absolute/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/relative-absolute/Relative dating puts things in order (older or younger); absolute dating gives a date in years, with a margin. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/radiocarbon-method/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/radiocarbon-method/Living things take in carbon-14, which decays at a known rate after death; measuring what is left dates plant and animal remains, after calibration. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/luminescence/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/luminescence/Thermoluminescence can date when pottery was last fired, by the light trapped energy gives off when heated. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/text-dates/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/text-dates/Inscriptions with regnal years and royal names, and the style of objects, date finds to a reign or period. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/epigraphy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/epigraphy/Epigraphers copy inscriptions exactly as they are, damaged parts included; Chicago's Epigraphic Survey has worked at Luxor since 1924. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/facsimile/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/facsimile/Methods range from hand tracing checked against the wall, to photogrammetry and laser scanning. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/brackets/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/brackets/Editions mark restored text with [ ], partly visible signs with ⸢ ⸣, and words the scribe left out with ⟨ ⟩. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/museums/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/museums/Great collections are in Cairo (the Egyptian Museum and the Grand Egyptian Museum), London, Paris, Berlin, Turin and New York, among others. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/return-debate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/return-debate/Some argue that famous objects taken in colonial times should go back to Egypt; others argue they were acquired legally, are well kept and seen by many. This topic sets out both sides. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/laws/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/laws/Egypt's laws now keep antiquities as state property (Law 117 of 1983), and the 1970 UNESCO Convention works against illegal trade. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/survey/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/survey/Archaeologists find and map sites with field survey, aerial photographs, satellite images and geophysics, often without digging. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/lab-science/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/lab-science/CT scans look inside mummies without unwrapping them; studies of ancient DNA, residues and isotopes are newer and still debated in places. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/nubia-rescue/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/nubia-rescue/When the Aswan High Dam was built, a UNESCO campaign (1960–1980) moved temples such as Abu Simbel and Philae and surveyed Nubia before the flood. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/egyptian-egyptologists/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/egyptian-egyptologists/Egyptian scholars, from Ahmed Kamal and Selim Hassan in the early 1900s to today's excavators, have led the study of their own past. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/hieratic/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/hieratic/Hieratic is the cursive form of hieroglyphs, written with a brush and ink, used from the earliest dynasties alongside hieroglyphs. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/hieratic-uses/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/hieratic-uses/Letters, accounts, legal records, literature and religious texts were written in hieratic on papyrus, wood and ostraca. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/transcription/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/transcription/Egyptologists read hieratic by transcribing it, sign by sign, into hieroglyphs, then transliterating. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/late-egyptian/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/late-egyptian/Late Egyptian, the everyday language of the New Kingdom, uses articles (pꜣ, tꜣ, nꜣ) and new verb forms. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/late-texts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/late-texts/Late Egyptian texts include letters, the tomb-robbery papyri, the story of Wenamun and love poems. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/demotic-script/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/demotic-script/Demotic grew out of hieratic in the 7th century BC; it is very cursive, written right to left, with many signs joined. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/demotic-texts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/demotic-texts/Demotic was used for contracts, letters, tax receipts and stories like the tales of Setne Khamwas. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/demotic-rosetta/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/demotic-rosetta/The Demotic text of the Rosetta Stone (32 lines) is the best preserved of its Egyptian texts and was key to Young's work. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-origins/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-origins/Coptic is the last stage of Egyptian, written from about the 3rd century AD by Egyptian Christians in Greek letters plus letters from Demotic. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-alphabet/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-alphabet/Coptic uses the 24 Greek letters, from alpha to omega, for Egyptian sounds. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-extra/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-extra/Sahidic Coptic adds six letters from Demotic, ϣ ϥ ϩ ϫ ϭ ϯ, for sounds Greek lacked; Bohairic adds ϧ. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-vowels/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-vowels/Because Coptic writes vowels, it shows how Egyptian words sounded late in their history: rn "name" is ⲣⲁⲛ, ran. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-dialects/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/coptic-dialects/Coptic had dialects, chiefly Sahidic in the south and Bohairic in the north; Bohairic is still used in Coptic Church services. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/last-hieroglyphs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/last-hieroglyphs/The last known hieroglyphic inscription was carved at Philae on 24 August AD 394, beside a figure of the god Mandulis. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/last-demotic/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/last-demotic/The last dated Demotic inscription, also at Philae, comes from AD 452. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/meroitic/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/egyptology/archaeology-scripts/meroitic/The kingdom of Kush wrote its own language in Meroitic script; its sounds were worked out in 1909, but much of the language is still not understood. Archaeology and Later Scripts · Egyptology Ladder