Sources and credits

Teddy Rook Book is built on the work of many people: old schoolbooks and the libraries that scanned them, museums that share their pictures, scholars who publish open data, and the makers of free fonts and code. This page names them all, with their licences. Pages that use outside material also show their own sources at the bottom, under "Sources and credits".

Using our content
Fonts and code
By section
Homeschool books
Art pictures
Languages (Greek, Latin and Scripture)
Pages that list their own sources

Using our content

The infographics and written content are © Teddy Rook. Please link to them rather than re-hosting them. Lessons and other content offered for reuse are under CC BY-NC 4.0, with credit and a link back; the ladder engine's code is under the MIT License. See the developers page.

Some of the language data is licensed for non-commercial use only, so the site as a whole is non-commercial. Material from others keeps its own licence, listed below.

Fonts and code

Website

Hugo: the static site generator that builds every page (Apache License 2.0)
PaperMod theme: the theme the site's look is built on, by Aditya Telange and contributors (MIT License)

Fonts

Gentium Book Plus: Greek and Latin text in Languages, the Harvard Classics and elsewhere; by SIL International, served by Google Fonts (SIL Open Font License 1.1)
Andika: easy-to-read letters for early readers (Phonics Practice and practice sheets); by SIL International, served by Google Fonts (SIL Open Font License 1.1)
Playwrite US Trad: the handwriting model on the practice sheets; by TypeTogether, served by Google Fonts (SIL Open Font License 1.1)
TeX Gyre Pagella (as "HC Book Serif"): the Harvard Classics print and e-book exports; by B. Jackowski, J. M. Nowacki, P. Pianowski and P. Strzelczyk, converted to TrueType outlines for this site (GUST Font License)
GFS Porson (as "HC Book Greek"): Greek in the Harvard Classics exports; by the Greek Font Society, converted to TrueType outlines for this site (SIL Open Font License 1.1)
GNU FreeFont (FreeSerif, subset): Coptic letters and the letters used to transliterate Egyptian, with two added composite letters (GNU GPL v3 or later, with the font exception)
TRB Hieroglyphs, TRB Linear B and TRB Linear A: drawn sign by sign for Teddy Rook Book (SIL Open Font License 1.1)

Code from others

d3-geo and d3-array: map projections for the Geography Ladder; by Mike Bostock, with parts from GeographicLib by Charles Karney (ISC License (GeographicLib parts MIT))
Box2D-Lite: the design the Siege game's physics follows; by Erin Catto (zlib License)
PhotoCraft: the image editor hosted at /photocraft/, by the ArtCraft Team and contributors (with the Inter and JetBrains Mono fonts and Lucide icons) (MIT or Apache 2.0; fonts SIL OFL 1.1; icons ISC)
TradingView widgets: charts, screener, heatmaps, calendar and quotes on the Markets pages
YouTube: plays the videos (from youtube-nocookie.com, only when you press play)

By section

What each part of the site draws on. These are the same credits the pages show.

Home page

ESV® Bible: English of the verse of the day. Scripture quotations are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Nestle 1904 Greek New Testament, with MACULA Greek: Greek of the verse of the day; text public domain, data by Biblica (CC BY 4.0)
PROIEL Treebank: Latin Vulgate of the verse of the day (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Homeschool books

The schoolbooks: scans kept by the Internet Archive, from the libraries named under each book; all were published before 1931, so they are in the public domain in the United States. The full list is below.

Outdoor Skills

Boy Scouts of America: The Official Handbook for Boys (first edition) (1911)
The Official Handbook for Boys (revised printing) (1914)
How Girls Can Help Their Country, by W. J. Hoxie (1913)
Shelters, Shacks and Shanties, by Daniel Carter Beard (1914)
The American Boy's Handy Book (What to Do and How to Do It), by Daniel Carter Beard (1920)
The American Girl's Handy Book (How to Amuse Yourself and Others), by Lina and Adelia B. Beard (1901)
The Book of Camping and Woodcraft, by Horace Kephart (1906)
Internet Archive: keeps the scans of these old handbooks, which are in the public domain in the United States

Language Mix

Handshape drawings by Paul Sherman: the fingerspelling letters (wpclipart.com, via Wikimedia Commons) (public domain)

Sign Language

Lifeprint ASL University (Dr. Bill Vicars): the free lessons this path links to; nothing is copied

Fingerspelling

Handshape drawings by Paul Sherman: the fingerspelling letters (wpclipart.com, via Wikimedia Commons), with the hands colored in (public domain)

Harvard Classics

Fifteen Minutes a Day: The Reading Guide (P. F. Collier & Son, 1930): the daily reading plan and its notes; scan kept by the Internet Archive (public domain in the United States)
The Harvard Classics, edited by Charles W. Eliot (P. F. Collier & Son, 1909–1910): the texts of the daily readings, as printed in the scanned volumes; scans kept by the Internet Archive (public domain in the United States)

Harvard Classics export

TeX Gyre Pagella and GFS Porson: the fonts of the printed and e-book editions, converted to TrueType outlines (details in harvard-classics/fonts/LICENSES.txt) (GUST Font License; SIL Open Font License 1.1)

The Essays of Brutus

Historical Society of the New York Courts, "The Anti-Federalist Papers": the dates of the essays (Brutus II's date is from elsewhere, as the page says)
National Constitution Center and Teaching American History: the full texts this page links to; the summaries are our own

Greek and Latin with Jerome

The Greek New Testament: SBL Edition (SBLGNT), edited by Michael W. Holmes: the Greek text; © 2010 Society of Biblical Literature and Logos Bible Software. Text-critical signs were removed for display. The publishers do not endorse this book. (CC BY 4.0)
MorphGNT: SBLGNT Edition, edited by James K. Tauber: Greek word analysis (CC BY-SA 3.0)
greek-inflexion and greek-accentuation (James Tauber): used to generate the Greek verb forms, then checked against the SBLGNT (MIT License)
Clementine Vulgate (1592), Clementine Text Project: the Latin text, via the public-domain vul reader by Luke Smith (public domain)
Collatinus (Yves Ouvrard and Philippe Verkerk, Biblissima): Latin forms and vowel lengths, corrected and completed by hand (GNU GPL v3)

Sentence trees

Perseus Ancient Greek and Latin Dependency Treebanks: the sentence trees and grammar, for Phaedrus's fables (Latin) and Aesop's (Greek) (CC BY-SA 3.0)

Geography Ladder

Natural Earth: the map data (countries, states, rivers, lakes, regions, time zones) the Geography Ladder's maps are drawn from (public domain)
d3-geo (Mike Bostock): the map projections (ISC License)

Egyptology Ladder

GNU FreeFont (FreeSerif, subset): Coptic and transliteration letters; the hieroglyphs are drawn for this site (TRB Hieroglyphs, SIL Open Font License) (GNU GPL v3 or later, with the font exception)

Ancient Egypt

GNU FreeFont (FreeSerif, subset): Coptic and transliteration letters; the hieroglyphs are drawn for this site (TRB Hieroglyphs, SIL Open Font License) (GNU GPL v3 or later, with the font exception)

Art flashcards

Wikimedia Commons and museum open-access collections: the pictures, all public domain or CC0, from the museums and archives named on each label of the Museum Walk (/art/gallery/) (public domain or CC0)

Meal Prep

USDA FoodData Central (SR Legacy): nutrition per 100 g for every grocery item, used for the nutrition estimates (public domain, CC0)

Meal Prep recipes and planner

USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service: safe minimum internal temperatures in the recipes
U.S. Food and Drug Administration: the Daily Values behind the % Daily Value figures

Timeline

Ian Shaw, ed., The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 2000): the dates of the Egypt track (before 664 BC they are approximate)

Your tax receipt

U.S. Treasury, FiscalData: Monthly Treasury Statement, Table 9: net outlays by budget function (the main lines) and the year-end deficit figures (public domain (U.S. government work))
USAspending.gov: obligations by subfunction, federal account and program activity (the drill-down split) (public domain (U.S. government work))

Siege game

Box2D-Lite (Erin Catto): the design the game's physics engine follows (zlib License)
Ancient writers: Polybius, Livy, Plutarch and Vitruvius, for the historical notes (each note names its source)

Thief game

Ancient writers: Herodotus, Livy, Plutarch, Polybius and Vitruvius, for the stories behind the clues

Hero game

Ancient writers: Virgil (Aeneid 8) and Livy (book 1), for the story of Hercules and Cacus

Thermopylae game

Ancient writers: Herodotus and Plutarch, for the story of the battle

Daily word game

Perseus and PROIEL treebanks: the Latin and Greek word forms a guess may use (CC BY-SA 3.0; CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Homeschool books

Every book here is in the public domain in the United States. The scans are kept by the Internet Archive, which shows them on our pages and supplies the PDF downloads; the libraries that lent the copies are named where we know them. The teaching guides are written for Teddy Rook Book.

McGuffey's Eclectic Readers

McGuffey's Eclectic Primer (Revised edition (this copy printed in 1920)). Scanned from a Brigham Young University–Idaho copy.
McGuffey's First Eclectic Reader (Revised edition, 1879 (this copy printed about 1920)). Scanned from a New York Public Library copy.
McGuffey's Second Eclectic Reader (Revised edition, 1879). Scanned from a University of Alberta copy.
McGuffey's Third Eclectic Reader (Revised edition, 1879). Scanned from a University of Alberta copy.
McGuffey's Fourth Eclectic Reader (Revised edition, 1879). Scanned from a University of Alberta copy.
McGuffey's Fifth Eclectic Reader (Revised edition, 1879). Scanned from a University of Alberta copy.
McGuffey's Sixth Eclectic Reader (Revised edition, 1879). Scanned from a University of Alberta copy.
McGuffey's Eclectic Spelling-Book (Revised edition, 1879). Scanned from a University of California copy.

Ray's Arithmetic

Ray's New Primary Arithmetic (1877). Scanned by Google from a Harvard University copy.
Ray's New Intellectual Arithmetic (1877). Scanned from a University of California copy.
Ray's New Practical Arithmetic (1877). Scanned from a University of California copy. (Printed pages 39–42 are missing from this scan.)
Ray's New Higher Arithmetic (about 1880). Scanned from a University of California copy.
Ray's New Test Examples in Arithmetic (about 1883). Scanned from a University of California copy.
Key to Ray's New Arithmetic: Intellectual and Practical (later printing (1907 scan)). Scanned printing dated 1907.
Ray's New Elementary Algebra (1866). Scanned from a Cornell University copy. The title page reads “Primary Elements of Algebra”.
Ray's New Higher Algebra (1866). Scanned from a Cornell University copy.
Key to Ray's New Algebras, Elementary and Higher (1867). Scanned from a York University copy.
Practical Arithmetic, by Induction and Analysis (about 1857)
Ray's Arithmetic, Second Book: Intellectual Arithmetic (1860)

Spelling and Grammar

Webster's Elementary Spelling Book (1880 printing). Scanned from a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill copy.
Harvey's Elementary Grammar and Composition (1880). Scanned from a Library of Congress copy.

Writing

The Mother Tongue, Book One (1900). Scanned from an original 1900 Ginn printing.
The Mother Tongue, Book Two (1908 revised edition (first published 1900)). Scanned from a University of Toronto copy.
Composition-Rhetoric (1905). Scanned from a University of Toronto copy.
The Palmer Method of Business Writing (1915 edition). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
Spencerian Key to Practical Penmanship (1866). Scanned from a Cornell University copy.

Latin

D'Ooge's Latin for Beginners (1909 (this copy printed about 1911)). Scanned from a University of California copy.
Collar and Daniell, First Year Latin (1901). Scanned by Google from a University of California copy.

New Testament Greek

Machen's New Testament Greek for Beginners (1923). Scanned from a Princeton Theological Seminary Library copy.

Geometry

Wentworth's Plane and Solid Geometry (1899 (revised edition)). Scanned by Google from a Harvard University copy.
Wentworth's Plane Geometry (1899 (revised edition)). Scanned by Google from a New York Public Library copy.

Geography

Home Geography for Primary Grades (1894). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
First Steps in Geography (1906). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
North America (1915 revised edition (first published 1898)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
South America (1915 revised edition (first published 1899)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
Europe (1912 revised edition (first published 1902)). Scanned from a Library of Congress copy.
Asia (1911 revised edition (first published 1897)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
Africa (1905). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
Australia, Our Colonies, and Other Islands of the Sea (1904). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
Our Little Chinese Cousin (1903). Scanned from a Cornell University copy.
Our Little Norwegian Cousin (1903). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
Our Little Spanish Cousin (1910 printing (first published 1906)). Scanned from a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill copy.

History

The Story of Greece, Told to Boys and Girls (undated T. C. & E. C. Jack edition (1910s)). Scanned from a New York Public Library copy.
Famous Men of Greece (1904). Scanned by Google from a Harvard University copy.
The Heroes, or Greek Fairy Tales for My Children (1914 edition (first published 1856)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
The Story of the Greeks (1896). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
The Children's Homer (1918). Scanned from a New York Public Library copy.
Stories from Homer (1878). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
The Story of the Greek People (1908). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
The Story of Rome, Told to Boys and Girls (1912). Scanned from a New York Public Library copy.
Famous Men of Rome (1904 (American Book Company printing)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
The Story of the Romans (1896). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
Stories from Livy (1883). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
The Story of the Roman People (1910). Scanned from a Cornell University copy.
A Child's History of the World (1924 (the original edition)). Scanned by the Internet Archive.
Famous Men of the Middle Ages (1904 (American Book Company printing)). Scanned by the Internet Archive.
Our Island Story (undated thirteenth impression (first published 1905)). Scanned from a University of Toronto copy.
Plutarch's Lives, Volume 1 (1911 printing (Clough's revision first published 1859)). Scanned from a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill copy.

Science

Star-Land (1890 printing (seventh thousand)). Scanned from a University of Toronto copy.
Sun, Moon, and Stars (1893 revised edition (first published 1879)). Scanned from a Library of Congress copy.
A Field Book of the Stars (1907). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
Astronomy with an Opera-Glass (1890 (third edition; first published 1888)). Scanned from a University of Toronto copy.
The Story of the Heavens (1886 (second edition)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
The World's Foundations, or Geology for Beginners (1883 (second edition; first published 1882)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
Elementary Lessons in Physical Geography (1889 printing of the revised edition (first published 1877)). Scanned from a University of Toronto copy.
The Story of the Hills (1891). Scanned from a Library of Congress copy.
The Wonder Book of Chemistry (1922 (English translation)). Scanned from a New York Public Library copy.
The Chemical History of a Candle (1908 printing (first published 1861)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
First Principles of Chemistry (1915 revised edition (first published 1907)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
The Various Forces of Matter (1860 (second edition)). Scanned from a Wellcome Library copy.
A First Course in Physics (1906). Scanned from a University of Toronto copy.
The Story-Book of Science (1917 (English translation)). Scanned from a University of Toronto copy (the Canadian issue of the Century Co. translation).
The Fairy-Land of Science (1880 (first published 1879)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.

Nature Study

Among the Farmyard People (1899). Scanned from a Library of Congress copy.
Among the Forest People (1898). Scanned from a Library of Congress copy.
The Burgess Bird Book for Children (1919). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.
The Burgess Animal Book for Children (1920). Scanned from a New York Public Library copy.
Insect Adventures (1917 (English translation)). Scanned from a Library of Congress copy.
The Life of the Spider (1916 printing (English translation first published 1912)). Scanned from a Smithsonian Libraries copy.
Handbook of Nature-Study (1918 eighth edition (first published 1911)). Scanned from a Cornell University copy.
How to Know the Wild Flowers (1920 printing of the new edition with coloured plates (first published 1893)). Scanned from a University of California Libraries copy.

Art pictures

The Art & Drawing Ladder shows only pictures that are in the public domain or shared by museums under CC0. Each comes through Wikimedia Commons; the museum, archive or photographer is named where known. Works still under copyright are described, not shown. Coastlines on the art maps come from Natural Earth (public domain).

All 189 pictures

Hall of the Bulls, Lascaux Cave, Paleolithic painters, about 17,000 years ago. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Pyramids of Giza, Egyptian, Fourth Dynasty, about 2600 to 2500 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Stonehenge, Neolithic and Bronze Age builders, about 3000 to 1500 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
The Great Sphinx, Egyptian, probably for King Khafre, about 2500 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Ziggurat of Ur, Sumerian builders, for King Ur-Nammu, about 2100 BC. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Law Code Stele of Hammurabi, Babylonian, about 1750 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Palace of Knossos, Minoan, about 1700 to 1450 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Mask of Agamemnon, Mycenaean, about 1550 to 1500 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Temple of Hatshepsut, Egyptian, traditionally credited to Senenmut, about 1479 to 1458 BC. Museo Egizio, Turin (photo archive), via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Bust of Nefertiti, Thutmose (workshop), about 1345 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Mask of Tutankhamun, Egyptian, Eighteenth Dynasty, about 1323 BC. Photograph by Harry Burton of the mask in its coffin, 29 October 1925; via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Book of the Dead of Hunefer: the Weighing of the Heart, Egyptian, about 1275 BC. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Great Hypostyle Hall, Karnak, Egyptian, for Seti I and Ramesses II, about 1290 to 1224 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Ritual Food Vessel (Ding), Shang dynasty, about 1300 to 1046 BC. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Colossal Head from San Lorenzo, Olmec, about 1200 to 900 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Human-Headed Winged Lion (Lamassu), Assyrian, palace of Ashurnasirpal II, 883 to 859 BC. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Ishtar Gate, Babylonian, for King Nebuchadnezzar II, about 575 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Achilles and Ajax Playing a Game, Exekias, about 540 to 530 BC. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Peplos Kore, Greek, about 530 BC. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Apadana Stairway Reliefs, Persepolis, Achaemenid Persian, about 515 to 465 BC. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Amphora with a Singer Playing the Kithara, Berlin Painter, about 490 BC. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Charioteer of Delphi, Greek, about 475 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Parthenon, Iktinos and Kallikrates; sculpture under Phidias, 447 to 432 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Porch of the Maidens, Erechtheion, Greek, about 421 to 406 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Theater of Epidaurus, Greek, traditionally Polykleitos the Younger, about 340 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Head from a Figure, Nok, more than 2,000 years old. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Terracotta Army, Qin dynasty, for the First Emperor, about 210 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Garden Room, Villa of Livia, Roman, about 30 to 20 BC. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Pont du Gard, Roman, about AD 40 to 60. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Portrait of a Couple (Terentius Neo and His Wife), Roman, 1st century AD (before 79). Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Roman, under Vespasian and Titus, AD 70 to 80. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Pantheon, Roman, under Emperor Hadrian, about AD 113 to 125. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan, Teotihuacan, about AD 200. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Portrait Vessel of a Ruler, Moche, about 100 BC to AD 500. The Art Institute of Chicago, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Good Shepherd Mosaic, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Early Christian, about AD 425 to 450. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Hagia Sophia, Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus, AD 532 to 537. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, Byzantine, about AD 547. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Empress Theodora and Her Attendants, Byzantine, about AD 547. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Dome of the Rock, Umayyad, for Caliph Abd al-Malik, completed AD 691 to 692. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Lindisfarne Gospels: Carpet Page, Attributed to Eadfrith, bishop of Lindisfarne, about 715 to 720. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Prayer Hall, Great Mosque of Córdoba, Umayyad, begun 785, enlarged to about 987. Photochrom print, about 1890; Library of Congress, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Book of Kells: the Chi Rho Page, Insular monks, about 800. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Travelers among Mountains and Streams, Fan Kuan, about 1000. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
El Castillo, Chichén Itzá, Maya, about 900 to 1100. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Phoenix Hall, Byōdō-in, Heian Japan, 1053. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Early Spring, Guo Xi, 1072. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Romanesque, about 1080 to 1120. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Nave of Durham Cathedral, Romanesque (Norman), 1093 to 1133. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Along the River during the Qingming Festival (detail), Zhang Zeduan, early 1100s. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Theotokos of Vladimir, Byzantine, about 1130. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Tale of Genji Scrolls (a scene), Heian court painters, about 1130. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Angkor Wat, Khmer, for King Suryavarman II, first half of the 1100s. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Chartres Cathedral, Gothic, mostly 1194 to 1220 (west front about 1145). Detail: column figures of the Royal Portal on the west front; photograph by Pierre-Émile Pécarrère, 1850 to 1852, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Notre-Dame de Paris, West Front, Gothic, begun 1163; front about 1200 to 1250. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, Ancestral Puebloan, about 1190 to 1260. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
North Rose Window, Chartres Cathedral, Gothic, about 1230 to 1235. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Sainte-Chapelle, Upper Chapel, Gothic (Rayonnant), 1242 to 1248. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Ife Head, Yoruba, Ife, 12th to 15th century. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Joachim among the Shepherds, Giotto di Bondone, about 1305. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Maestà (Madonna and Child Enthroned), Duccio di Buoninsegna, 1308 to 1311. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Mosque Lamp Bearing the Name of Sultan al-Malik al-Nasir, Mamluk (Egypt or Syria), about 1340. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Great Enclosure, Great Zimbabwe, Shona ancestors, about 1300 to 1450. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Court of the Lions, Alhambra, Nasrid, for Sultan Muhammad V, 1370s. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Très Riches Heures: January, Limbourg brothers, about 1412 to 1416. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Blue-and-White Jar with a Dragon, Ming dynasty, Jingdezhen kilns, early 1400s. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Ming dynasty (rebuilt under the Qing), 1406 to 1420; hall rebuilt 1695. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
The Tribute Money, Masaccio, about 1425 to 1427. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Dome of Florence Cathedral, Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420 to 1436. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Portrait of a Man (Self Portrait?), Jan van Eyck, 1433. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Arnolfini Portrait, Jan van Eyck, 1434. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Annunciation, Fra Angelico, about 1440 to 1445. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Machu Picchu, Inca, probably for Emperor Pachacuti, about 1450. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Equestrian Statue of Gattamelata, Donatello, 1445 to 1453. Lantern slide of the statue, without its pedestal; Université de Louvain, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Portrait of a Lady, Rogier van der Weyden, about 1460. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Urbino, Piero della Francesca, about 1473 to 1475. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder, Sandro Botticelli, about 1474 to 1475. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Lady with an Ermine, Leonardo da Vinci, about 1489 to 1490. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Last Supper, Leonardo da Vinci, about 1495 to 1498. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Self-Portrait at Twenty-Eight, Albrecht Dürer, 1500. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Poet on a Mountaintop, Shen Zhou, about 1500. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Doge Leonardo Loredan, Giovanni Bellini, about 1501 to 1502. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Young Hare, Albrecht Dürer, 1502. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci, begun about 1503. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Aztec Sun Stone, Aztec (Mexica), about 1502 to 1520. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Portrait of a Man, Titian, about 1510. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione, Raphael, about 1514 to 1515. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Rhinoceros, Albrecht Dürer, 1515. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Queen Mother Pendant Mask (Iyoba), Edo peoples, Kingdom of Benin, 16th century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
The Ambassadors, Hans Holbein the Younger, 1533. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Ardabil Carpet, Safavid Persian, signed by Maqsud of Kashan, 1539 to 1540. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Eleonora of Toledo with Her Son Giovanni, Agnolo Bronzino, about 1545. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Dome of St. Peter's Basilica, Michelangelo (design), completed by Giacomo della Porta, designed from 1547; completed 1590. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Süleymaniye Mosque, Mimar Sinan, 1550 to 1557. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
The Chess Game, Sofonisba Anguissola, 1555. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Hunters in the Snow, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1565. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Harvesters, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1565. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Villa La Rotonda, Andrea Palladio, begun about 1567. Palladio's own plan and section, from his Four Books of Architecture (1570); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Pine Trees, Hasegawa Tōhaku, late 1500s. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
View of Toledo, El Greco, about 1599 to 1600. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Calling of Saint Matthew, Caravaggio, 1599 to 1600. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Supper at Emmaus, Caravaggio, 1601. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Himeji Castle, Ikeda Terumasa, completed 1609. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Shah Mosque (Imam Mosque), Isfahan, Safavid, for Shah Abbas I, 1611 to about 1630. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Le Chapeau de Paille, Peter Paul Rubens, about 1622 to 1625. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Shah Jahan on Horseback, Payag, about 1630. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Self-Portrait, Judith Leyster, about 1630. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Vanitas Still Life, Pieter Claesz, 1630. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Charles I at the Hunt, Anthony van Dyck, about 1635. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting, Artemisia Gentileschi, about 1638 to 1639. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Francesco Borromini, 1638 to 1641; façade finished 1677. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Night Watch, Rembrandt van Rijn, 1642. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Taj Mahal, Mughal, for Shah Jahan, 1632 to 1653. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Juan de Pareja, Diego Velázquez, 1650. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Las Meninas, Diego Velázquez, 1656. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Self-Portrait, Rembrandt van Rijn, 1659. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Colonnade of St. Peter's Square, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1656 to 1667. Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
The Milkmaid, Johannes Vermeer, about 1660. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
View of Delft, Johannes Vermeer, about 1660 to 1661. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Girl with a Pearl Earring, Johannes Vermeer, about 1665. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede, Jacob van Ruisdael, about 1668 to 1670. Rijksmuseum, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
St. Paul's Cathedral, Christopher Wren, 1675 to 1710. Yale Center for British Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Irises, Ogata Kōrin, about 1701 to 1705. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Still Life with Flowers in a Glass Vase, Rachel Ruysch, about 1690 to 1720. Rijksmuseum, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Soap Bubbles, Jean-Siméon Chardin, about 1733 to 1734. National Gallery of Art, Washington, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
The Square of Saint Mark's, Venice, Canaletto, 1742 to 1744. National Gallery of Art, Washington, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Moon Jar, Joseon dynasty, second half of the 1700s. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Clearing after Rain on Mount Inwang, Jeong Seon, 1751. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Paul Revere, John Singleton Copley, 1768. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Blue Boy, Thomas Gainsborough, about 1770. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Self-Portrait in a Straw Hat, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, after 1782. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Marie Antoinette with a Rose, Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, 1783. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Oath of the Horatii, Jacques-Louis David, 1784. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Manuel Osorio Manrique de Zuñiga, Francisco de Goya, about 1787 to 1788. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
George Washington (the Athenaeum Portrait), Gilbert Stuart, 1796. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Monticello, Thomas Jefferson, 1769 to 1809. Historic American Buildings Survey photograph of the west front; Library of Congress, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Napoleon Crossing the Alps, Jacques-Louis David, 1801. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, Caspar David Friedrich, about 1817. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Hay Wain, John Constable, 1821. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Under the Wave off Kanagawa (The Great Wave), Katsushika Hokusai, about 1830 to 1832. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Fine Wind, Clear Morning (Red Fuji), Katsushika Hokusai, about 1830 to 1832. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Oxbow, Thomas Cole, 1836. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Boulevard du Temple, Louis Daguerre, 1838. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Fighting Temeraire, J. M. W. Turner, 1839. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Stone Breakers, Gustave Courbet, 1849. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Male Antelope Headdress (Ci Wara), Bamana artists, 19th century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
The Horse Fair, Rosa Bonheur, 1852 to 1855. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Gleaners, Jean-François Millet, 1857. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi Bridge and Atake, Utagawa Hiroshige, 1857. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Chief's Blanket, Third Phase, Navajo (Diné) weaver, about 1855 to 1865. The Art Institute of Chicago, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Mrs. Herbert Duckworth, Julia Margaret Cameron, 1867. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, James McNeill Whistler, 1871. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Impression, Sunrise, Claude Monet, 1872. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Cradle, Berthe Morisot, 1872. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Dance Class, Edgar Degas, 1874. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
Woman with a Parasol: Madame Monet and Her Son, Claude Monet, 1875. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Breezing Up (A Fair Wind), Winslow Homer, 1873 to 1876. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Paris Street; Rainy Day, Gustave Caillebotte, 1877. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Little Girl in a Blue Armchair, Mary Cassatt, 1878. National Gallery of Art, Washington, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Luncheon of the Boating Party, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1880 to 1881. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, John Singer Sargent, 1882. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884 to 1886. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige), Vincent van Gogh, 1887. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Sunflowers, Vincent van Gogh, 1888. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Vision after the Sermon, Paul Gauguin, 1888. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Starry Night, Vincent van Gogh, 1889. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Bedroom, Vincent van Gogh, 1889. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Stacks of Wheat (End of Summer), Claude Monet, 1890 to 1891. The Art Institute of Chicago, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Wainwright Building, Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler, 1890 to 1891. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Banjo Lesson, Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1893. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Basket of Apples, Paul Cézanne, about 1893. The Art Institute of Chicago, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Divan Japonais, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1893. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Scream, Edvard Munch, 1893. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Mont Sainte-Victoire, Paul Cézanne, about 1902 to 1906. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Woman with a Hat, Henri Matisse, 1905. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Water Lilies, Claude Monet, 1906. The Art Institute of Chicago, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Charing Cross Bridge, André Derain, 1906. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali builders, master mason Ismaila Traoré, rebuilt 1907 (first mosque 13th century). Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Steerage, Alfred Stieglitz, 1907. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Street, Dresden, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1908. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The City Rises, Umberto Boccioni, 1910. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
The Large Blue Horses, Franz Marc, 1911. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Portrait of Pablo Picasso, Juan Gris, 1912. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Composition VII, Wassily Kandinsky, 1913. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Black Square, Kazimir Malevich, 1915. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow, Piet Mondrian, 1930. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Chrysler Building, William Van Alen, 1928 to 1930. Photograph of 19 January 1932 from the Empire State Building, with the Chrysler Building at right of center; via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
American Gothic, Grant Wood, 1930. Google Arts & Culture, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Migrant Mother, Dorothea Lange, 1936. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)
Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1935 to 1939. Wikimedia Commons (public domain)

Languages (Greek, Latin and Scripture)

Nestle 1904 Greek New Testament: the Greek Gospels text (public domain)
MACULA Greek (Clear Bible / Biblica): Greek morphology, lemmas and English glosses (CC BY 4.0)
Dodson Greek Lexicon: brief and long Greek definitions (public domain)
PROIEL Treebank: the Latin Vulgate Gospels with lemmas, morphology and syntax; classical sentences from Caesar, Cicero's Letters to Atticus and Herodotus. Files derived from it are shared under the same licence. (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
Perseus Ancient Greek and Latin Dependency Treebank v2.1: classical sentences (Cicero, Virgil, Ovid, Homer, Plutarch), the sentence trees, and the readings from Aesop and Phaedrus (CC BY-SA 3.0)
Perseus canonical texts: public-domain English translations: McDevitte and Bohn (Caesar), Shuckburgh and Yonge (Cicero), T. C. Williams (Virgil), Brookes More (Ovid), Godley (Herodotus), Murray (Homer), Perrin (Plutarch) (CC BY-SA 4.0 markup)
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek–English Lexicon (Perseus Digital Library): Greek definitions for the classical sentences (CC BY-SA 4.0)
William Whitaker's WORDS: Latin definitions (free to copy)
ESV® Bible: English for a fixed set of 499 verses, used under Crossway's quotation allowance. Scripture quotations are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
King James Version (standard 1769 Oxford text): English in the language embeds and the developers' toolkit, from the public-domain kjv package, checked against Wikisource's transcription of the 1772 Oxford edition (public domain)
Audio Greek New Testament, read by Marilyn Phemister: Greek audio (Westcott–Hort text), streamed from the Internet Archive; © 2001, used for non-commercial purposes with credit
Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar (1927; 3rd ed. 1957), and Bennett's Linear B sign list: sign codes, sound values and meanings for the hieroglyph and Linear B pages

Pages that list their own sources

These pages name their sources on the page itself, at the point of use or under "Sources".

The Ladders: the lessons of the Math, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth and Space, Economics, Logic, Writing, Vocabulary, American History, Geography, Art, Etiquette, Egyptology and Ancient Scripts ladders list their sources and further reading at the bottom
The Federalist and Anti-Federalist Papers: texts from Project Gutenberg eBook #1404 (read from the Internet Archive's copy), checked against the 1818 Gideon and 1863 Dawson editions on Wikisource; Anti-Federalist texts from Paul Leicester Ford's editions (1888, 1892), McMaster and Stone (1888) and Elliot's Debates, via Project Gutenberg, the Internet Archive and Wikisource. All public domain.
Debate: each topic and chapter lists its sources; format times are sourced on each format page
Science Lab: each simulation lists its sources
Trades, Being an Adult, Sewing and Knitting: each guide lists its sources
Food Garden Planner: yields from university extension tables, nutrition from USDA FoodData Central, and the CDC; each crop and guide lists its sources
Kitchen guides and from-scratch recipes: each guide and recipe lists its sources (USDA, FDA, the National Center for Home Food Preservation and university extension services)
Markets: economic data from FRED® (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis); Treasury yields and auctions from the U.S. Department of the Treasury; charts and quotes from TradingView widgets
Business cases and courses: each case and chapter lists its sources
Test Prep: facts link to their sources (mostly the College Board, ACT and the Classic Learning Test) where they are used, and the Test Prep page lists them all
Music: each song names where its melody was checked (for example the Mutopia Project's public-domain editions) or says it is an original tune
Ancient Egypt sites: each site lists its sources
Old exams: each exam lists where its text comes from
Actual Reading, by Hannah Ward, M.Ed.: Hannah Ward's curricula, shared here with her permission (© Actual Reading); the lessons open from her website
Free Books: texts from Project Gutenberg via Gutendex; scans from the Internet Archive; recordings by LibriVox volunteers, served by the Internet Archive
Videos: each video page lists the texts and tools it used, where it has any
Harvard Classics day pages: each reading links to its page in the scanned volume

If we have missed a credit or got one wrong, please tell us on X or GitHub, and we will fix it.