Chemistry Ladder · College

General Chemistry 1

The quantum atom and periodic trends, bonding and molecular shape, stoichiometry in solution, gases, thermochemistry and the forces between molecules: the first half of AP Chemistry.

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67 topics in 9 units. Builds on Chemistry, plus Algebra 2 from the Math Ladder. Leads to General Chemistry 2. Not sure this is the right course? Find your rung.

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Unit 1 Composition and Mass Spectra

4 topics

The mass laws that pointed to atoms, mass spectra, and formulas from chemical analysis.

  1. Definite and Multiple Proportions
  2. Mass Spectra of Elements
  3. Combustion Analysis
  4. Composition of Mixtures

Unit 2 Light and the Quantum Atom

8 topics

Waves and photons, hydrogen's energy levels, quantum numbers and photoelectron spectra.

  1. Wavelength, Frequency and the Spectrum
  2. Photons and the Photoelectric Effect
  3. Hydrogen's Energy Levels
  4. What Light Does to Molecules
  5. Quantum Numbers
  6. Orbital Diagrams and Magnetism
  7. Configurations of Ions and Exceptions
  8. Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Unit 4 Bonding and Molecular Structure

9 topics

Bond energy curves, lattice energy, formal charge, resonance, shapes, hybrid orbitals and molecular orbitals.

  1. Potential Energy and Bond Length
  2. Lattice Energy
  3. Metals and Alloys
  4. Formal Charge
  5. Resonance
  6. Exceptions to the Octet Rule
  7. Shapes with Five and Six Electron Groups
  8. Hybrid Orbitals, Sigma and Pi Bonds
  9. Molecular Orbital Diagrams

Unit 5 Liquids, Solids and Phase Changes

6 topics

Compare intermolecular forces, vapor pressure and phase diagrams, look inside crystals, and separate mixtures.

  1. Comparing Intermolecular Forces
  2. Vapor Pressure and Boiling
  3. The Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
  4. Phase Diagrams
  5. Crystal Structures and Unit Cells
  6. Separating Mixtures

Unit 6 Solutions and Colligative Properties

11 topics

Ions in solution, the energy of dissolving, more ways to state concentration, light absorption, and properties that depend only on the number of solute particles.

  1. Electrolytes and Ions in Solution
  2. Concentrations of Ions
  3. The Energy of Dissolving
  4. Gas Solubility and Henry's Law
  5. Molality, Mole Fraction and Parts per Million
  6. Converting Concentration Units
  7. The Beer–Lambert Law
  8. Vapor Pressure Lowering
  9. Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
  10. Osmotic Pressure
  11. Molar Mass from Colligative Properties

Unit 7 Gases in Depth

6 topics

Gas density, gas stoichiometry, mixtures of gases, molecular speeds and real gases.

  1. Gas Density and Molar Mass
  2. Gas Stoichiometry
  3. Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions
  4. Molecular Speeds and Effusion
  5. The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution
  6. Real Gases

Unit 8 Reactions in Solution

8 topics

Net ionic equations, solution stoichiometry, titrations, oxidation numbers and redox.

  1. Net Ionic Equations
  2. Solution Stoichiometry
  3. Gravimetric Analysis
  4. Titration Calculations
  5. Oxidation Numbers
  6. Oxidation and Reduction
  7. Balancing Redox Reactions
  8. Redox Titrations

Unit 9 Thermochemistry

10 topics

Energy bookkeeping for reactions: the first law, enthalpy, calorimetry, Hess's law and enthalpies of formation.

  1. The First Law and Sign Conventions
  2. Pressure–Volume Work
  3. Enthalpy and Thermochemical Equations
  4. Heat from Amounts of Reactant
  5. Heat for Warming and Phase Changes Together
  6. Calorimetry for Reactions
  7. Bomb Calorimetry
  8. Hess's Law
  9. Standard Enthalpies of Formation
  10. Born–Haber Cycles
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