Cross-hatching stacks layers of hatching. The first layer runs one way. The second crosses it at an angle. A third can cross both. Each layer makes the area darker.
Key idea
Add a new layer only where the value should be darker. The lightest areas get no layers, middle values one or two, the darkest three or more.
Why it works
Each layer covers more of the white paper, so the value steps down. Because you add layers only where they are needed, the light areas stay light. This is how artists shade with pens, which cannot press lighter or darker.
Worked example: Shading a box
A box is lit from the left. Its top is the lightest side, its left side is middle, and its right side is the darkest. How many layers does each side get?
- The lightest side stays white or gets one light layer.
- The middle side gets one or two layers.
- The darkest side gets the most layers.
Answer: Top: none or one; left: one or two; right: three.
Common mistake
People cross every area at once, so there is no light left and the drawing turns into a dark net. Plan the light areas first and leave them alone. Add layers step by step, darkest areas last.