https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/Recent content in Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/formal-analysis/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/formal-analysis/Formal analysis looks at how a work is made, its line, color, light, composition and scale, before asking what it means. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/subject-style/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/subject-style/The subject is what a work shows; genres group subjects (portrait, landscape, still life, history painting, genre scene); style is how it is shown. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/painting-media/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/painting-media/True fresco is painted into wet plaster; egg tempera dries fast in fine strokes; oil paint dries slowly and allows glazes and blending. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/sculpture-media/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/sculpture-media/Sculptors carve (take away from stone or wood), model (build up clay or wax) or cast (pour metal into a mold). Relief stays attached to a background; sculpture in the round does not. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/patrons-context/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/patrons-context/Most art before modern times was commissioned: rulers, churches, guilds and families paid for it and often set its subject, size and materials. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/dating-attribution/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/dating-attribution/Dates and artists come from documents, signatures, style and science. "c." means about; "attributed to" means scholars think so but it is not certain. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/cave-painting/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/cave-painting/Paleolithic people painted animals deep in caves: Chauvet more than 30,000 years ago and Lascaux about 17,000 years ago, with mineral pigments and charcoal. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/portable-art/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/portable-art/Small carvings in ivory, bone and stone are among the oldest art. The Lion-Man of Hohlenstein-Stadel, carved from mammoth ivory, is about 40,000 years old. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/megaliths/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/megaliths/Neolithic people raised huge stones into circles and tombs. Stonehenge was built in stages from about 3000 to 1500 BC. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/mesopotamia/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/mesopotamia/Sumer and Babylon built mud-brick ziggurats and carved steles; the Stele of Hammurabi (about 1750 BC) shows the king before the god Shamash above his laws. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/assyria-persia/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/assyria-persia/Assyrian palaces had guardian lamassu and carved reliefs; Babylon's Ishtar Gate (about 575 BC) glowed with glazed brick; Persepolis shows rows of tribute bearers. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/egypt-conventions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/egypt-conventions/Egyptian artists showed people in composite view (head and legs in profile, eye and shoulders from the front), used hierarchical scale, and laid out figures on a grid. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/egypt-old-kingdom/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/egypt-old-kingdom/The pyramids of Giza (about 2600 to 2500 BC) were royal tombs. The Great Sphinx, probably made for King Khafre, guards the way to his pyramid. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/egypt-new-kingdom/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/egypt-new-kingdom/New Kingdom pharaohs built great temples like Karnak and Hatshepsut's at Deir el-Bahari; the Amarna period brought the bust of Nefertiti, and Tutankhamun's tomb its gold mask. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/aegean/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/aegean/Minoan Crete built palaces like Knossos and painted lively sea creatures on pottery; Mycenae is known for walls of huge stones and gold masks. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/greek-vases/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/greek-vases/In black-figure, figures are painted black on the red clay; in red-figure, about 530 BC on, the background is painted black and figures stay red, so details can be painted with a brush. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/greek-orders/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/greek-orders/Doric columns have plain cushion capitals and no base; Ionic capitals have scrolls (volutes); Corinthian capitals have acanthus leaves. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/parthenon/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/parthenon/Built on the Athenian Acropolis from 447 to 432 BC, the Parthenon is a Doric temple to Athena, designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates with sculpture overseen by Phidias. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/greek-sculpture/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/greek-sculpture/Greek sculpture moved from the stiff, smiling figures of the Archaic period to the natural poses of the Classical, like the bronze Charioteer of Delphi. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/contrapposto-hellenistic/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/contrapposto-hellenistic/Contrapposto puts the weight on one leg so hips and shoulders tilt; Hellenistic sculpture after 323 BC added drama and motion, as in the Winged Victory of Samothrace. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/roman-architecture/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/roman-architecture/Romans used the round arch, the vault and concrete to build aqueducts like the Pont du Gard, the Colosseum and the domed Pantheon. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/roman-portraits-painting/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/roman-portraits-painting/Republican portraits show age and wrinkles (verism); wall paintings at Pompeii and the Villa of Livia open walls into gardens and views. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/early-christian/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/early-christian/After AD 313, Christians built basilicas, long halls with an apse at one end, borrowed from Roman public buildings. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/ravenna-mosaics/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/ravenna-mosaics/At San Vitale in Ravenna (about AD 547), glittering mosaics of glass and stone show the emperor Justinian and the empress Theodora with their courts. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/hagia-sophia/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/hagia-sophia/Built in Constantinople in five years, AD 532 to 537, by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus, Hagia Sophia set a huge dome on pendentives over a square plan. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/icons/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/icons/An icon is a holy image painted on wood, often in egg tempera with gold. Icons follow set types, so faces and poses repeat across centuries. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/islamic-architecture/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/islamic-architecture/A mosque's prayer hall faces Mecca; the qibla wall holds the mihrab niche, the minbar is the pulpit, and a minaret calls to prayer. The Dome of the Rock (691) is among the oldest Islamic monuments. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/islamic-ornament/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/islamic-ornament/Islamic art is famous for interlaced geometric patterns, arabesque (flowing vine scrolls) and calligraphy, the most honored art. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/cordoba-alhambra/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/cordoba-alhambra/In Spain, the Great Mosque of Córdoba (begun 785) has rows of striped double arches; the Alhambra palaces of Granada (mostly 14th century) have carved stucco and muqarnas vaults. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/islamic-arts-of-the-book/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/islamic-arts-of-the-book/Luxury arts carried Islamic design across the world: knotted carpets like the Ardabil carpet (1539–40), enameled glass mosque lamps and illustrated manuscripts. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/insular-manuscripts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/insular-manuscripts/Monks copied and decorated books by hand. The Book of Kells (about 800) and the Lindisfarne Gospels (about 715) fill pages with knotwork and interlace. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/romanesque/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/romanesque/Romanesque churches (about 1000 to 1150) have thick walls, round arches, barrel vaults and small windows, and carved portals for pilgrims. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/gothic-architecture/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/gothic-architecture/Gothic builders, from about 1140, combined pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses to raise tall, thin walls filled with glass. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/stained-glass/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/stained-glass/Pieces of colored glass held in lead strips filled Gothic windows with light and stories; Chartres and the Sainte-Chapelle (1240s) are famous for it. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/books-of-hours/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/books-of-hours/Wealthy owners ordered prayer books with calendar pictures, like the Limbourg brothers' Très Riches Heures (about 1412 to 1416) for the Duke of Berry. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/chinese-landscape/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/chinese-landscape/Song dynasty painters such as Fan Kuan (about 1000) and Guo Xi (1072) painted towering mountains in ink on silk, on hanging scrolls and handscrolls. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/chinese-objects/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/chinese-objects/Shang dynasty ritual bronzes (about 1600 to 1046 BC), the Terracotta Army of the first emperor (about 210 BC) and Ming blue-and-white porcelain span three thousand years. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/buddhist-art/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/buddhist-art/Buddhist art spread from India across Asia: stupas, robed Buddha figures from Gandhara and Mathura, and temples like Japan's Byōdō-in (1053). Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/japan-early/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/japan-early/Heian court art includes the Phoenix Hall of the Byōdō-in and the 12th-century Tale of Genji handscrolls, seen from above with the roofs "blown off." Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/south-southeast-asia/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/south-southeast-asia/Hindu temples rise like sacred mountains: the Brihadishvara at Thanjavur (completed 1010) and Angkor Wat in Cambodia (12th century). Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/africa-early/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/africa-early/Nok terracottas (more than 2,000 years old), the naturalistic Ife heads (12th to 15th centuries), Benin's brass plaques and Great Zimbabwe's stone walls show many African traditions. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/mesoamerica/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/mesoamerica/The Olmec carved colossal basalt heads (about 1200 to 900 BC); the Maya built Palenque and wrote in glyphs; the Aztec carved the great Sun Stone (about 1502 to 1520). Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/andes-north-america/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/andes-north-america/The Inca fitted stones without mortar at Machu Picchu (about 1450); the Moche made portrait vessels; Ancestral Puebloans built Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde (about 1190 to 1260). Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/giotto/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/giotto/In the Arena Chapel in Padua (about 1305), Giotto painted solid, weighty figures with real feeling, a break from flat Byzantine style. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/linear-perspective/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/linear-perspective/Brunelleschi showed how lines going back meet at one vanishing point (about 1415 to 1420), Alberti wrote the method down (1435), and Masaccio used it in paint. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/florence-dome/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/florence-dome/Filippo Brunelleschi raised the dome of Florence Cathedral from 1420 to 1436 without full wooden centering, using a double shell and herringbone brick. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/early-renaissance-art/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/early-renaissance-art/Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise, Donatello's bronze Gattamelata, Fra Angelico's Annunciation and Piero della Francesca's portraits brought the new realism to Florence and beyond. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/leonardo/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/leonardo/Leonardo painted the Last Supper (about 1495 to 1498) and the Mona Lisa (begun about 1503), using sfumato, soft smoky transitions without hard outlines. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/raphael-michelangelo/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/raphael-michelangelo/Raphael painted calm, graceful portraits and frescoes in Rome; Michelangelo was a sculptor, painter and architect who designed the dome of St. Peter's. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/venice/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/venice/Venetian painters such as Giovanni Bellini and Titian built pictures from rich color and oil glazes rather than line, painting on canvas in the damp lagoon air. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/northern-renaissance/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/northern-renaissance/Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait (1434) shows what oil glazes could do: tiny details, glowing color and a convex mirror reflecting the room. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/durer-prints/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/durer-prints/Albrecht Dürer of Nuremberg made woodcuts and engravings that sold across Europe, like his Rhinoceros (1515), and watercolors such as the Young Hare (1502). Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/bruegel/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/bruegel/Pieter Bruegel the Elder painted peasants, seasons and landscapes, such as Hunters in the Snow and The Harvesters (both 1565). Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/renaissance-architecture/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/renaissance-architecture/Renaissance architects revived Roman columns, round arches and domes with clear proportions; Palladio's Villa La Rotonda (begun about 1567) was copied for centuries. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/mannerism/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/art/art-history-1/mannerism/After about 1520, Mannerist artists stretched proportions, crowded space and used cool, strange colors; Bronzino's portraits and El Greco's View of Toledo show the range. Art History I: Prehistoric to Renaissance · Art & Drawing Ladder