https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/Recent content in U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/transcontinental-railroad/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/transcontinental-railroad/The first transcontinental railroad was finished at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869, built largely by Chinese workers from the west and Irish and other workers from the east, and backed by federal land grants and loans. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/plains-wars/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/plains-wars/As settlers, miners and railroads moved west and the bison herds were destroyed, the U.S. Army fought Plains nations: Sand Creek (1864), the Little Bighorn (1876), and the killing of Lakota people at Wounded Knee (1890); most nations were confined to reservations. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/assimilation-dawes/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/assimilation-dawes/Policy shifted to assimilation: boarding schools such as Carlisle (1879) separated children from their languages and cultures, and the Dawes Act (1887) split reservation land into family plots, with the "surplus" sold; Native landholding fell from about 138 to 48 million acres by 1934. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/industrialization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/industrialization/Steel (Andrew Carnegie, the Bessemer process), oil (John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil), electricity and the telephone transformed the economy; firms grew by vertical and horizontal integration and trusts, and the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) outlawed combinations in restraint of trade. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/labor-movement/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/labor-movement/Workers faced long hours and dangerous jobs; the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor (1886, Samuel Gompers) organized them; the Haymarket affair (1886), Homestead strike (1892) and Pullman strike (1894) turned violent and set back unions. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/new-immigration/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/new-immigration/From the 1880s, most immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe, many through Ellis Island (opened 1892); cities filled with tenements, political machines such as Tammany Hall, and settlement houses such as Jane Addams's Hull House (1889); the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) barred most Chinese laborers. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/gilded-age-politics/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/gilded-age-politics/After President Garfield's assassination, the Pendleton Act (1883) began a merit-based civil service; the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) regulated railroads; struggling farmers formed the People's (Populist) Party (1892); in 1896 William McKinley (gold standard) defeated William Jennings Bryan (free silver). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/jim-crow-plessy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/jim-crow-plessy/Southern states passed segregation laws and kept Black citizens from voting with poll taxes, literacy tests and grandfather clauses; in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Supreme Court upheld "separate but equal" 7 to 1, over Justice John Marshall Harlan's dissent; Ida B. Wells campaigned against lynching. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/gilded-age-ideas/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/gilded-age-ideas/People argued over the new wealth: Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" (the rich should give it away well), Social Darwinism (competition sorts the fit), the Social Gospel (faith calls for reform), and Booker T. Washington's and W. E. B. Du Bois's different strategies for Black advancement. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/american-empire/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/american-empire/American planters and businessmen in Hawaii helped overthrow Queen Liliuokalani (1893), and the U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898; the Spanish-American War (1898) brought Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, where a long war against Filipino independence fighters followed (1899 to 1902); Americans debated empire sharply. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/big-stick/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/big-stick/The U.S. sought an Open Door for trade in China (1899); Theodore Roosevelt backed Panama's independence and built the Panama Canal (opened 1914) and added the Roosevelt Corollary (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine; Taft favored "dollar diplomacy." U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/muckrakers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/muckrakers/Journalists called muckrakers exposed problems: Jacob Riis (city slums), Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil), Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (meatpacking, 1906); Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/progressive-presidents/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/progressive-presidents/Theodore Roosevelt broke up trusts and protected forests and parks; Taft continued antitrust suits; Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act (1913), the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/progressive-amendments/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/progressive-amendments/Four amendments came in seven years: the Sixteenth (income tax, 1913), Seventeenth (senators elected by voters, 1913), Eighteenth (Prohibition, 1919) and Nineteenth (women's suffrage, 1920); many states also adopted the initiative, referendum, recall and direct primary. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/womens-suffrage/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/womens-suffrage/After decades of work by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony and others, Carrie Chapman Catt's NAWSA lobbied state by state while Alice Paul's National Woman's Party picketed the White House; the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in August 1920. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/great-migration-naacp/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/great-migration-naacp/The NAACP (1909) fought segregation in court and in public; from about 1910 to 1970 roughly six million Black Southerners moved to cities of the North and West for jobs and to escape Jim Crow. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwi-entry/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwi-entry/The U.S. stayed neutral when war began in 1914; German submarine attacks (the Lusitania, 1915; unrestricted warfare, 1917) and the Zimmermann Telegram led Congress to declare war in April 1917. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwi-home-front-peace/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwi-home-front-peace/The government drafted soldiers, ran wartime agencies and limited dissent (the Espionage Act, 1917; Schenck v. United States, 1919); the war ended with the armistice of November 11, 1918; Wilson's Fourteen Points and League of Nations failed to win the Senate's approval of the Treaty of Versailles. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/roaring-twenties/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/roaring-twenties/Cars (the Model T), radio, movies and buying on credit created a mass consumer culture; jazz spread from New Orleans to Chicago and New York; the Harlem Renaissance (Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston) flourished. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/twenties-conflicts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/twenties-conflicts/The Red Scare (1919 to 1920), the Sacco and Vanzetti case, immigration quotas (1921, 1924), the Scopes trial (1925), a revived Ku Klux Klan and the struggle to enforce Prohibition showed a country divided over change. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/crash-1929/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/crash-1929/Stocks crashed in October 1929 (Black Tuesday, October 29); historians and economists weigh several causes of the Depression that followed: speculation and buying on margin, bank failures, a shrinking money supply, overproduction, unequal income and high tariffs. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/depression-life/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/depression-life/By 1933 about a quarter of workers were unemployed; thousands of banks failed; drought and dust storms drove families from the Plains (the Dust Bowl); Hoover's Reconstruction Finance Corporation lent to banks and businesses, and the Bonus Army was driven from Washington (1932). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/new-deal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/new-deal/Franklin Roosevelt (from 1933) promised relief, recovery and reform: the CCC, the TVA, the WPA, deposit insurance (FDIC, 1933), the SEC (1934), Social Security and the Wagner Act (1935), and the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/new-deal-court/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/new-deal-court/The Court struck down parts of the New Deal (Schechter, 1935); Roosevelt's 1937 plan to add justices failed in Congress, but that year the Court began upholding economic regulation (West Coast Hotel v. Parrish; NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/new-deal-debates/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/new-deal-debates/Critics on the left (Huey Long, Father Coughlin) said the New Deal did too little; critics on the right (the American Liberty League) said it did too much; historians and economists still debate how much it helped recovery, while agreeing it changed the federal government's role for good. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/road-to-wwii/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/road-to-wwii/Neutrality Acts (1935 to 1937) kept the U.S. out of foreign wars; after war began in Europe (1939), "cash and carry," Lend-Lease (1941) and the Atlantic Charter moved the country toward the Allies while isolationists argued against it. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/pearl-harbor/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/pearl-harbor/On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Congress declared war on Japan the next day, and Germany and Italy declared war on the United States on December 11. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwii-home-front/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwii-home-front/Factories switched to war production; millions of women took industrial jobs; rationing, war bonds and scrap drives involved everyone; A. Philip Randolph's planned march won an order against discrimination in defense jobs (1941), and Black Americans pressed a "Double V" for victory abroad and at home. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/japanese-american-incarceration/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/japanese-american-incarceration/Executive Order 9066 (1942) led to the forced removal of about 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, most of them U.S. citizens, to camps; the Supreme Court upheld the removal in Korematsu v. United States (1944); Congress apologized and paid redress in the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwii-europe/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwii-europe/The Allies fought in North Africa (1942), Sicily and Italy (1943), landed in Normandy on D-Day (June 6, 1944) and turned back Germany's last offensive at the Bulge; Germany surrendered on V-E Day (May 8, 1945); Allied soldiers liberated camps where Nazi Germany had murdered six million Jews and millions of others. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwii-pacific/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/wwii-pacific/After the turning point at Midway (June 1942), U.S. forces "island hopped" toward Japan (Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa); atomic bombs struck Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9); Japan announced surrender August 15 and signed it September 2. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/planning-peace/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/planning-peace/At Yalta (February 1945) and Potsdam (July 1945) the Allies planned postwar Europe; the United Nations was founded in 1945, with the U.S. as a permanent member of the Security Council. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/containment/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/containment/The U.S. set out to contain Soviet communism: the Truman Doctrine (1947), the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe (1948), the Berlin Airlift (1948 to 1949) and the NATO alliance (1949). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/second-red-scare/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/second-red-scare/Fear of Soviet spying (the Hiss and Rosenberg cases) led to loyalty programs, congressional hearings (HUAC) and Senator Joseph McCarthy's accusations (1950 to 1954) until the Senate censured him. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/korean-war/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/korean-war/North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950; UN forces led by the U.S. fought North Korean and later Chinese armies; an armistice in 1953 left Korea divided near the 38th parallel, with no peace treaty. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/fifties/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/fifties/The GI Bill (1944), suburbs such as Levittown, the baby boom, television and the Interstate Highway Act (1956) reshaped life; the Soviet launch of Sputnik (1957) spurred new spending on science and education. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/kennedy-cuba/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/kennedy-cuba/The Bay of Pigs invasion failed (1961); the Berlin Wall went up (1961); in the Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) the U.S. and the USSR came close to nuclear war before the Soviets removed their missiles; the space race led to Apollo 11's Moon landing (1969). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/vietnam/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/vietnam/After the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964), U.S. troops in Vietnam grew to over 500,000; the Tet Offensive (1968) shook public support; protests spread at home (Kent State, 1970); the Paris Peace Accords (1973) ended U.S. combat, and Saigon fell in 1975; Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (1973). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/great-society/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/great-society/Lyndon Johnson's Great Society (1964 to 1966) included the War on Poverty, Medicare and Medicaid (1965), federal aid to schools and the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which ended the national-origins quotas. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/nixon-watergate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/nixon-watergate/Richard Nixon opened relations with China (1972), signed arms limits with the USSR (SALT I, 1972) and created the EPA (1970); the Watergate scandal and United States v. Nixon (1974) led to his resignation on August 9, 1974. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/end-of-cold-war/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/end-of-cold-war/Ronald Reagan built up defense and called on the Soviets to "tear down this wall" (1987); he and Mikhail Gorbachev signed the INF Treaty (1987); the Berlin Wall fell (November 9, 1989) and the Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/early-civil-rights/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/early-civil-rights/Jackie Robinson integrated major league baseball (1947); Truman ordered the armed forces desegregated (1948); Mendez v. Westminster (1947) ended the segregation of Mexican American children in California schools. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/brown-v-board/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/brown-v-board/In Brown v. Board of Education (1954) the Supreme Court ruled 9 to 0 that segregated public schools violate the Equal Protection Clause, overturning Plessy for schools; resistance followed, and in 1957 Eisenhower sent troops to protect the Little Rock Nine. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/montgomery/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/montgomery/After Rosa Parks's arrest in December 1955, Black residents of Montgomery, Alabama, boycotted the buses for 381 days, led by Martin Luther King Jr.; in 1956 the courts ruled bus segregation unconstitutional. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/sit-ins-freedom-rides/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/sit-ins-freedom-rides/Students sat in at a Greensboro lunch counter (1960) and founded SNCC; Freedom Riders tested bus integration (1961); after the Birmingham campaign (1963) and King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail," 250,000 people joined the March on Washington (August 28, 1963). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/civil-rights-laws/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/civil-rights-laws/The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination in public places and jobs; the Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) banned poll taxes in federal elections; after the Selma marches, the Voting Rights Act (1965) ended literacy tests and brought federal oversight; the Fair Housing Act followed in 1968. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/movement-debates/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/movement-debates/Leaders differed on methods and goals: King's nonviolent integration, Malcolm X's call for self-defense and Black pride, and the Black Power movement (from 1966); King was assassinated in April 1968. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/other-movements/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/other-movements/Others drew on the movement: Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta organized farmworkers (the UFW); the American Indian Movement (1968) pressed for treaty rights; the women's movement won Title IX (1972), though the Equal Rights Amendment was not ratified; the Americans with Disabilities Act passed in 1990. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/seventies/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/seventies/An oil embargo (1973) and "stagflation" (high inflation with high unemployment) strained the economy; Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon; Jimmy Carter brokered the Camp David Accords (1978) and faced the Iran hostage crisis (1979 to 1981). U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/conservative-resurgence/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/conservative-resurgence/Ronald Reagan won in 1980 and 1984 on lower taxes, less regulation and a stronger defense; supporters credit his policies with the long expansion after 1982, while critics point to larger deficits and widening inequality. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/after-cold-war/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/after-cold-war/The U.S. led a coalition in the Gulf War (1991), joined NAFTA (in force 1994), took part in NATO operations in Bosnia (1995) and Kosovo (1999), and faced new questions about its role as the only superpower. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/tech-economy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/tech-economy/Personal computers spread in the 1980s; the World Wide Web (1991) opened the internet to the public; trade and investment linked economies worldwide, and the country debated the gains and costs of globalization. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/nineties-politics/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/nineties-politics/Bill Clinton (1993 to 2001) signed NAFTA and a 1996 welfare reform passed by a Republican Congress; the federal budget ran surpluses from 1998 to 2001; the House impeached Clinton in 1998 and the Senate acquitted him in 1999; the 2000 election was decided after Bush v. Gore. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/periods-review/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-2/periods-review/Place events from 1491 to 2000 in their AP periods and in order, and explain a cause and an effect that link one period to the next. U.S. History II: 1865 to 2000 · American History & Civics Ladder