https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/Recent content in U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 on Teddy Rook Bookhttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpghttps://teddyrookbook.com/img/share.jpgHugoenhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/primary-secondary/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/primary-secondary/A primary source was made at the time by someone who saw or took part (a letter, a law, a photo); a secondary source was made later by someone studying it (a textbook, a history book). U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/sourcing-hipp/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/sourcing-hipp/Ask four questions of any source: its Historical situation, Intended audience, Purpose and Point of view; each one shapes what the source says and leaves out. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/dates-and-periods/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/dates-and-periods/The 1700s are the 18th century; historians group years into periods (such as 1754 to 1800) around big turning points, and a timeline shows what came before what. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/cause-and-effect/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/cause-and-effect/Big events usually have several causes, long-term and short-term, and several effects; historians also ask what changed and what stayed the same. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/peopling-americas/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/peopling-americas/People reached the Americas from Asia at least 15,000 years ago, by land across Beringia, along the Pacific coast, or both; the exact dates and routes are still studied and debated. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/native-cultures-1491/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/native-cultures-1491/By 1491 Native societies across North America had adapted to very different lands: maize farming and irrigation in the Southwest, hunting and farming on the Plains, fishing in the Northwest, mixed farming and villages in the East. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/native-societies/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/native-societies/Some Native societies built large towns and alliances: Cahokia, a Mississippian city near present-day St. Louis; the Ancestral Puebloans of the Four Corners; the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy of the Northeast. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/european-exploration/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/european-exploration/Portugal and Spain sought sea routes to Asian trade, new wealth, the spread of Christianity and national glory; Columbus reached the Caribbean in 1492, and the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided claims between Spain and Portugal. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/columbian-exchange/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/columbian-exchange/After 1492 plants, animals, people and diseases crossed the Atlantic both ways: horses, wheat and cattle to the Americas; maize, potatoes and tomatoes to Europe, Africa and Asia; and diseases such as smallpox that killed a large share of Native peoples. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/spanish-empire/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/spanish-empire/Spanish conquistadors toppled the Aztec (1521) and Inca empires; Spain ruled through the encomienda system and missions, founded St. Augustine (1565), and debated how Native peoples should be treated. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/jamestown-virginia/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/jamestown-virginia/Jamestown (1607) survived hard early years and grew rich on tobacco; Virginia set up the House of Burgesses in 1619, the same year the first recorded Africans arrived in the colony. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/new-england/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/new-england/The Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact (1620) and founded Plymouth; Puritans founded Massachusetts Bay (1630); dissenters such as Roger Williams (Rhode Island, 1636) and Anne Hutchinson were banished. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/middle-colonies/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/middle-colonies/New York (Dutch New Netherland until 1664), New Jersey, Pennsylvania (founded by William Penn, a Quaker, in 1681) and Delaware were the most diverse colonies, with wheat farms, ports and wide religious toleration. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/southern-colonies/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/southern-colonies/Maryland (1634) was a refuge for English Catholics; the Carolinas grew rice and indigo on plantations worked by enslaved Africans; Georgia (1732) was the last of the thirteen. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/comparing-regions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/comparing-regions/Compare New England (towns, trade, fishing, small farms), the Middle colonies (wheat, ports, diversity) and the South (cash crops, plantations, slavery) and explain why geography and settlers made them differ. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/colonial-slavery/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/colonial-slavery/Enslaved Africans were carried across the Atlantic in the Middle Passage; colonial slave codes made slavery lifelong and inherited through the mother; enslaved people resisted, as in the Stono Rebellion of 1739. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/colonial-conflicts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/colonial-conflicts/As colonies spread, wars broke out: the Pequot War (1636 to 1638), King Philip's (Metacom's) War (1675 to 1676), Bacon's Rebellion against Virginia's governor (1676) and the Pueblo Revolt against Spain (1680). U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/mercantilism/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/mercantilism/Under mercantilism, colonies existed to enrich the mother country; the Navigation Acts (from 1651) made colonists ship key goods only on English ships to English ports, though Britain enforced them loosely for decades ("salutary neglect"). U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/awakening-enlightenment/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/awakening-enlightenment/The First Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s, Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield) brought revival preaching and new churches; Enlightenment ideas of reason and natural rights (John Locke) spread through books, Benjamin Franklin and colonial colleges. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/colonial-self-government/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/colonial-self-government/Colonists grew used to governing themselves through elected assemblies such as the House of Burgesses, New England town meetings and colonial legislatures that controlled taxes; the Zenger trial (1735) defended printing criticism of officials. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/french-and-indian-war/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/french-and-indian-war/Britain and France fought for North America from 1754 to 1763 (part of the Seven Years' War); Britain won Canada and the land east of the Mississippi, but its war debt and the Proclamation of 1763 set the stage for conflict with the colonists. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/taxes-and-protest/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/taxes-and-protest/To pay the war debt, Parliament passed the Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765) and Townshend Acts (1767); colonists answered with the Stamp Act Congress, boycotts and the cry "no taxation without representation." U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/road-to-revolution/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/road-to-revolution/Tension grew from the Boston Massacre (1770) to the Tea Act and Boston Tea Party (1773), the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1774) and the First Continental Congress (1774). U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/war-begins/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/war-begins/Fighting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775; the Second Continental Congress made George Washington commander; Thomas Paine's Common Sense (January 1776) argued for full independence. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/declaration-of-independence/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/declaration-of-independence/Congress voted for independence on July 2, 1776, and adopted the Declaration on July 4; written mainly by Thomas Jefferson, it states a theory of government by consent, lists grievances against the King and declares the colonies free. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/loyalists-patriots/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/loyalists-patriots/Colonists divided: Patriots backed independence, Loyalists stayed loyal to Britain, many stayed neutral; Dunmore's Proclamation (1775) offered freedom to enslaved people who joined the British, and most Native nations sided with Britain. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/revolutionary-war/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/revolutionary-war/Key moments: Washington's victory at Trenton (1776), the American win at Saratoga (1777) that brought the French alliance (1778), the hard winter at Valley Forge (1777 to 1778) and the British surrender at Yorktown (1781). U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/treaty-of-paris-1783/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/treaty-of-paris-1783/In the Treaty of Paris (1783) Britain recognized American independence, with borders at the Mississippi River in the west, Canada in the north and Spanish Florida in the south. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/revolution-changes/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/revolution-changes/The Revolution brought new state constitutions with bills of rights, the gradual abolition of slavery in Northern states (beginning with Pennsylvania in 1780), Virginia's Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) and new ideas about women as "republican mothers." U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/articles-of-confederation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/articles-of-confederation/The Articles (in force 1781) set up a weak national government: one vote per state in Congress, no executive or national courts, no power to tax, nine states to pass key laws and all thirteen to amend. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/northwest-ordinance/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/northwest-ordinance/The Land Ordinance of 1785 surveyed western land into square townships; the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set out how territories become states equal to the old ones and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/shays-rebellion/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/shays-rebellion/In 1786 and 1787 indebted Massachusetts farmers led by Daniel Shays closed courts to stop foreclosures; the weak national government could do little, which convinced many leaders to strengthen it. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/constitutional-convention/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/constitutional-convention/In 1787 delegates in Philadelphia replaced the Articles; the Great (Connecticut) Compromise blended the Virginia Plan (seats by population) and the New Jersey Plan (equal seats), and other compromises dealt with slavery and the presidency. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/ratification-debate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/ratification-debate/Federalists (Madison, Hamilton, Jay, writing as "Publius" in The Federalist) defended the Constitution; Anti-Federalists (such as "Brutus" and the "Federal Farmer") feared a distant, too-strong government without a bill of rights; New Hampshire's ratification in June 1788 made nine states. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/bill-of-rights-1791/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/bill-of-rights-1791/James Madison drafted amendments in the First Congress (1789); ten were ratified in 1791 as the Bill of Rights, protecting freedoms such as speech, religion, the press and fair trials from the national government. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/washington-presidency/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/washington-presidency/Washington (1789 to 1797) formed the first Cabinet, backed Alexander Hamilton's plan (paying state war debts, a national bank, tariffs), put down the Whiskey Rebellion (1794), kept the country neutral in Europe's wars, and stepped down after two terms. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/first-parties/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/first-parties/Disputes over Hamilton's plans and the French Revolution split leaders into Federalists (Hamilton, Adams: a strong national government, commerce, ties to Britain) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson, Madison: strict reading of the Constitution, farmers, sympathy for France). U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/adams-and-1800/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/adams-and-1800/Under John Adams came the XYZ Affair, an undeclared naval war with France, and the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), which Jefferson and Madison opposed in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions; in 1800 power passed peacefully from one party to the other. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/jefferson-louisiana/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/jefferson-louisiana/In 1803 Jefferson bought Louisiana from France for about $15 million, roughly doubling the country's size, and sent Lewis and Clark (1804 to 1806) to explore it, though he doubted the Constitution clearly allowed the purchase. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/marshall-court/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/marshall-court/Chief Justice John Marshall (1801 to 1835) strengthened the courts and the national government: Marbury v. Madison (1803) established judicial review, McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) upheld the national bank, Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) read the commerce power broadly. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/war-of-1812/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/war-of-1812/Over British impressment of sailors, trade limits and support for Native resistance in the West, the U.S. went to war with Britain (1812 to 1815); the British burned Washington, Fort McHenry held, and the Treaty of Ghent restored prewar borders. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/monroe-years/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/monroe-years/Under Monroe one party dominated; Henry Clay's "American System" proposed a bank, tariffs and roads and canals; the Missouri Compromise (1820) balanced slave and free states and drew the 36°30' line; the Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe against new colonies in the Americas. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/market-revolution/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/market-revolution/Canals (the Erie Canal, 1825), steamboats and railroads tied regions into a national market; textile mills (Lowell) grew in the North, while the cotton gin (1793) and world demand spread cotton and slavery across the Deep South. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/jacksonian-democracy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/jacksonian-democracy/Most states dropped property rules for white men voting; Andrew Jackson (1829 to 1837) used the spoils system, vetoed the Second Bank's recharter (1832) and faced down South Carolina in the Nullification Crisis (1832 to 1833); Democrats and Whigs formed the second party system. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/indian-removal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/indian-removal/The Indian Removal Act (1830) led to the forced removal of the Cherokee, Muscogee (Creek), Chickasaw, Choctaw and Seminole nations west of the Mississippi; despite Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Cherokee were forced out in 1838 and 1839 on the Trail of Tears, and thousands died. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/second-great-awakening/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/second-great-awakening/The Second Great Awakening (about 1800 to the 1840s) inspired reform movements: temperance, public schools (Horace Mann), better care for the mentally ill (Dorothea Dix), prison reform and utopian communities. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/abolition/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/abolition/Abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator, 1831), Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth and the Grimké sisters demanded an end to slavery; Nat Turner's revolt (1831) and the Underground Railroad showed enslaved people's resistance. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/seneca-falls/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/seneca-falls/At Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and others issued the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on the Declaration of Independence, which demanded rights for women including the vote. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/manifest-destiny/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/manifest-destiny/The idea that the United States was destined to spread across the continent (named in 1845) drove the annexation of Texas (independent from Mexico since 1836) in 1845 and the Oregon treaty with Britain (1846) at the 49th parallel. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/mexican-american-war/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/mexican-american-war/After a border dispute, the U.S. fought Mexico (1846 to 1848); in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico ceded California and the Southwest; the Wilmot Proviso to ban slavery in that land passed the House but failed in the Senate. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/territorial-growth/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/territorial-growth/Match each addition to its year and how it came: the 1783 treaty lands, Louisiana (1803), Florida (1819), Texas (1845), Oregon (1846), the Mexican Cession (1848), the Gadsden Purchase (1853), and later Alaska (1867) and Hawaii (1898). U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/gold-rush-immigration/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/gold-rush-immigration/The California Gold Rush (1849) drew people from around the world; Irish (after the 1845 famine) and German immigrants poured into the North; nativists formed the anti-immigrant American ("Know-Nothing") Party. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/compromise-of-1850/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/compromise-of-1850/California joined as a free state; New Mexico and Utah would decide slavery by popular sovereignty; the slave trade (not slavery) ended in the District of Columbia; a stronger Fugitive Slave Act angered the North, and Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) moved many readers. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/kansas-nebraska/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/kansas-nebraska/The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) let settlers vote on slavery, repealing the Missouri line; violence in "Bleeding Kansas" followed, and opponents of slavery's spread founded the Republican Party (1854). U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/dred-scott/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/dred-scott/In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) the Supreme Court held 7 to 2 that Black Americans were not citizens who could sue in federal court and that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories; the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) overturned the citizenship ruling. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/lincoln-and-1860/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/lincoln-and-1860/Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debated slavery in 1858; John Brown raided Harpers Ferry in 1859; in 1860 Lincoln won the presidency in a four-way race with no electoral votes from the Deep South. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/secession/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/secession/South Carolina seceded in December 1860, followed by six more Deep South states that formed the Confederacy in February 1861; after Confederates fired on Fort Sumter in April 1861, four more states seceded, while slave-holding border states stayed in the Union. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/two-sides/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/two-sides/The Union had far more people, factories and railroads; the Confederacy fought on its own ground with skilled generals; the Union's Anaconda Plan aimed to blockade the coast and seize the Mississippi. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/civil-war-battles/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/civil-war-battles/Key events: Bull Run (1861), Antietam (1862), Gettysburg and the fall of Vicksburg (July 1863), Sherman's capture of Atlanta and March to the Sea (1864), and Lee's surrender at Appomattox (April 1865). U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/emancipation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/emancipation/The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) declared enslaved people free in areas in rebellion and allowed Black men to join the Union army, where about 180,000 served; the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) abolished slavery everywhere in the country. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/home-fronts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/home-fronts/Both sides drafted soldiers (the New York draft riots, 1863); Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in some areas; Congress passed the Homestead Act, Morrill Land-Grant Act and Pacific Railway Act (1862); women served as nurses and ran farms and businesses. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/gettysburg-address/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/gettysburg-address/In November 1863 Lincoln dedicated the cemetery at Gettysburg in about 270 words, describing the war as a test of whether a nation "conceived in Liberty" could endure and calling for "a new birth of freedom." U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/presidential-reconstruction/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/presidential-reconstruction/Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865; Andrew Johnson's lenient plan let Southern states rejoin quickly, and many passed Black Codes limiting freedpeople's rights. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/congressional-reconstruction/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/congressional-reconstruction/Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau, passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 over Johnson's veto, imposed the Reconstruction Acts (1867) and impeached Johnson (1868), who was acquitted by one vote; Black men voted and held office, including Senator Hiram Revels. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/reconstruction-amendments/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/reconstruction-amendments/The Thirteenth (1865) ended slavery; the Fourteenth (1868) made all persons born here citizens and promised due process and equal protection; the Fifteenth (1870) barred denying the vote because of race. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladderhttps://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/end-of-reconstruction/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://teddyrookbook.com/american-history/us-history-1/end-of-reconstruction/Violence by the Ku Klux Klan and others, Northern fatigue and the economic panic of 1873 wore Reconstruction down; the Compromise of 1877 settled the disputed 1876 election and federal troops left the last Southern capitals; sharecropping and segregation laws followed. U.S. History I: Beginnings to 1877 · American History & Civics Ladder